Exam 1 Flashcards Flashcards by Kalen Matthews

Krogh’s Principle

“For a large number of problems there will be
some animal of choice…on which it can be most conveniently
studied”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bergman’s Rule

Within a taxonomic group, species of larger
size will be found in colder climates; species of
smaller size will be found in warmer climates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The relationship between body size and complexity

Complexity goes hand in hand with size. The larger the size the more complex.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Absolute metabolic rate vs mass specific metabolic rate

absolute metabolic rate measures an animals lowest possible metabolic rate while mass specific metabolic rate is the absolute metabolic rate divided by organism’s mass

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who has a higher absolute metabolic rate? the blue whale or the shrew?

blue whale because it has higher mass.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who has the lower absolute metabolic rate? the blue whale or the shrew?

shrew because of it’s small mass

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who has a higher mass specific metabolic rate? blue whale or the shrew

shrew

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who has a lower mass specific metabolic rate? blue whale or the shrew

blue whale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

surface area and volume equation

SA/V

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative feedback loop

regulates homeostasis, by far most common,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive Feedback Loop

enhance/continue to change, rare

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In living organisms, homeostasis is typically achieved by

negative feedback

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Suppose the amount of substance X secreted is controlled by negative feedback and you ingest a poison that destroys substance X. As a result, your body will produce

more substance x because there is not enough to reach that negative feedback threshold since the poison is destroying that substance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One person gets sick from a virus. He sneezes and spreads the virus to several other people, who then get sick and spread the virus to many more people. This is an example of

feedforward control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

You wake up and grab your phone from the bedside table. The weather app tells you it will get very hot this afternoon. As a result, you decide to wear shorts. This is an example of

positive feedback

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Four types of Biomolecules

Carbs- simple sugars

lipids- fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesteral

proteins- chains of amino acids

nucleotides- DNA and RNA; ATP and NADH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

functional proteins

enzymes, transport, channels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is not a lipid?
Triglyceride
Cholesterol
Phosphoglyceride
Fatty acid
Glycoprotein

glycoprotein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If molecules are crossing a lipid bilayer that contains no proteins, the molecules could be moving across via

simple diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following typically requires a specialized type of protein in a cell membrane?

facilitated diffusion
secondary active transport
primary active transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do lipids form

cell membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many ATP do you get from one glucose molecule?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is glucose regulated?

adrenal glands and insulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glucose cannot penetrate the phospholipid membrane, what is used to transport Glucose inside the cell?T

GLUT4 is used to transport glucose inside the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After glycolysis we have:

net total of 2 ATP 2 pyruvate 2 NADH

what is the linking step?

sending the 2 pyruvate to the mitochondria to harvest more energy

Linking Step process

move pyruvate from cytosol, gain NADH and H+, and end with Acetyl CoA

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

inside the mitochondria

Free Radical

result of the ETC, can be harmful to humans

where does glycolysis take place?

cytosol

where does the cytric cycle take place?

mitochondrial matrix

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

inner mitochondrial membrane

factors with large affect on metabolic rate

physical activity and environmental temperature

factors that affect metabolic rate on a smaller scale

size, age, gender, hormonal status, ingestion of meal,

Major changes during hibernation

heart rate drops breathing rate drops body temperature drops metabolic rate drops (as much as using only 1% of basal metabolic rate)

Hibernation vs Torpor

Hibernation is for an extended period of time like through winter while torpor is for short periods of time like a day or night.

Facilitated diffusion

no ATP needed moves down concentration gradient needs a carrier protein

Simple diffusion

lipid soluble molecules no energy or transport proteins required driven by concentration gradient

Gated Channels

can open or close due to various stimuli

Ion channel

Any channel that allows ions through

Voltage gated ion channel

opens as membrane potential changes

Ligand gated channels

something attaches to the channels to open it

Mechanically gated channels

channel is physically pulled open

active transport

protein transporter needed energy is required molecules can move against the gradient

Primary active transport

uses exergonic reaction (ATP)

Secondary active transport

couples movement of one molecule to movement of a second molecule

Osmolarity vs Tonicity

Osmolarity is the ability of solution to induce water to cross a membrane while tonicity is the ability of solution to move non-permeable particles across a membrane

Driving force

changing how ions go across the membrane

large driving force =

large difference between current state and equilibrium and a large current of ions

electrical gradient

opposite charges attract while same charges repel

chemical gradient

high concentration to low concentration

A large, artificial depolarization of a neuron would typically

trigger an action potential open voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels open voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels

Graded potentials typically

get smaller with distance from their source

Which of these structures does the Kreb's cycle take place in?

cytoplasm

During aerobic metabolism, if glycolysis begins with one glucose molecule, glycolysis will end with

two molecules of pyruvate

Compared to oxidative phosphorylation, the Krebs cycle

generates more carbon dioxide (CO2)

Only considering Na+, in a cell with 50 mM Na+ outside the cell, 10 mM Na+ inside the cell, and a membrane potential of +90 mV, which direction is the Na+ electochemical gradient?

into the cell

Only considering K+, in a cell with 100 mM K+ inside the cell, 10 mM K+ outside the cell, and a membrane potential of -10 mV, which direction is the K+ chemical gradient?

out of the cell

Increasing the permeability of potassium by 5 times the typical amount will have what effect on the likelihood of an action potential?

Make an action potential less likely to occur (keeps the cell negative which keeps from depolarization)

Decreasing the permeability of potassium by 5 times the typical amount will have what effect on the likelihood of an action potential?

Make an action potential more likely to occur

If the postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarized from its resting potential following an action potential in a presynaptic neuron, this chemical synapse

must be excitatory

A toxin binds to a voltage-gated sodium channel preventing it from opening. What effect does this have on the neuron?

The action potential will be stopped entirely

For a cell at a typical resting potential, which of the following types of ions typically would have a net movement against its electrical gradient (assuming the membrane is permeable to this ion)?

calcium (Ca2+)

Your left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected via a bundle of axons called the

corpus callosum

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are typically found at synapses

between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells

Of the nine steps in a single instance of the citric acid cycle, how many yield high-energy molecules (GTP, ATP, NADH, or FADH2)?

A cell is metabolizing glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The O2 supply is suddenly stopped. As a result,

lactate (or lactic acid) will build up

You wake up this morning and realize that you have an exam in a few hours. Your heart rate increases and you breathe faster, although you are still lying in bed. This is an example of

anticipatory regulation

Water absorbs most of the heat from sunlight that shines on it, while ice reflects most of the sunlight. When polar ice melts, there is more water (and less ice) in the ocean, which absorbs more heat, which causes still more ice to melt. This is an example of

positive feedback

Your mind wanders during class and you start thinking about what you will make for dinner; your mouth starts to “water” (i.e., you produce more saliva). This is an example of

feedforward regulation

A semipermeable membrane separates two compartments. The membrane is permeable to Na+, K+, Cl-, and water. At time zero, compartment 1 contains 3 M NaCl and compartment 2 contains 3 M KCl. In a few minutes,

the concentration of Na+ in compartment 1 will have decreased

In a typical neuron at its resting potential, the electrical gradient and the concentration gradient act in opposite directions for

potassium (K+) because it leaves the cell while its electrical gradient would be into the cell

In your cells, an equilibrium potential of +60 mV is typical for

sodium

Your corpus callosum connects

your left cerebrum to your right cerebrum

The dorsal horn is in the

spinal cord

graded potentials

any depolarization that does not cross threshold. decay over space and time

stimulatory inputs of an action potential:

cause depolarizing channels to open (sodium)

inhibitory inputs of an action potential:

cause repolarizing or hyperpolarizing channels to open

Rising/Depolarizing Phase

Caused by influx of sodium if threshold is reached.

Threshold for action potential production:

triggered by the net graded potential

Relative Refractory Period

more difficult to generate a new AP; some Na+ channels still inactive and increased # K+ channels are open

absolute refractory period

incapable of generating a new AP, upstream Na+ channels closed, membrane must repolarize so channel proteins can return to openable state

Benefits of myelinated neurons

enables rapid signal conduction

Electrical synapses:

fast transmission restricted to voltage changes only good for responses that require high speed

Chemical transmission

more flexible than electrical transmission

what determines effect of neurotransmitter

The effects of any neurotransmitter are determined by the properties of the receptor, not the transmitter

Chemical Synapses

Can amplify signals prolong the effects of signal slower than gap junctions less reliable

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

cause hyperpolarization (stops AP's)

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

cause depolarization (more AP's)

Depolarizing, excitatory channel

Sodium channel

hyperpolarizing, inhibitory channel

potassium channel

Excitatory neurotransmitters

acetylcholine and glutamate

inhibitory

GABA and glycine

What triggers vesicle release?

Calcium

Post synaptic receptors

Neurotransmitters can bind to multiple types of receptors Receptor determines neurotransmitter effect, not just the neurotransmitter

Ionotropic Receptors

ligand gated ion channels fast transport ions across membranes

Melabotropic Receptors

trigger intracellular signaling cascade second messenger

Spatial Summation

multiple locations, one AP/location

Temporal Summation

one location, multiple presynaptic APs

What influences post synaptic signal strength

neurotransmitter amount receptor activity

Resting potential of a typical neuron

-70 mV

Equilibrium potential of sodium

+60 mV

equilibrium potential of potassium

-90 mV

Equilibrium of Chlorine

-65 mV

Equilibrium of Calcium

+120 mV

Action potential threshold

-55 mV

Astrocytes

most abundant and support neurons

Oligodendrocytes

myelin sheaths

ependymal cells

forms cerebralspinal fluid

Microglia

immune defense of CNS

Blood-brain barrier

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells

Forebrain

receives and integrates sensory information

midbrain

coordinates reflex responses to sight and sound

Hindbrain

Reflex control of respiration, blood circulation, other basic tasks

Purpose of Thalamus

Relay and processing station in the midbrain

purpose of the hypothalamus

Maintains basic feedback loops and therefore homeostasis. coordinates autonomic nervous system

Four lobes of the cortex

Occipital Lobe- vision Temporal Lobe- hearing, speech parietal lobe- body sensory frontal lobe- motor activity, speech, memory, planning

Habituation

decreased responsiveness to repeated stimuli

sensitization

association of one stimulus with another, and increasing the response over time

Where in the adult human brain does neurogenesis occur?

hippocampus subventricular zone hypothalamus olfactory bulb