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Physiology > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Krogh’s Principle

A

“For a large number of problems there will be
some animal of choice…on which it can be most conveniently
studied”

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2
Q

Bergman’s Rule

A

Within a taxonomic group, species of larger
size will be found in colder climates; species of
smaller size will be found in warmer climates

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3
Q

The relationship between body size and complexity

A

Complexity goes hand in hand with size. The larger the size the more complex.

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4
Q

Absolute metabolic rate vs mass specific metabolic rate

A

absolute metabolic rate measures an animals lowest possible metabolic rate while mass specific metabolic rate is the absolute metabolic rate divided by organism’s mass

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5
Q

who has a higher absolute metabolic rate? the blue whale or the shrew?

A

blue whale because it has higher mass.

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6
Q

who has the lower absolute metabolic rate? the blue whale or the shrew?

A

shrew because of it’s small mass

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7
Q

who has a higher mass specific metabolic rate? blue whale or the shrew

A

shrew

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8
Q

who has a lower mass specific metabolic rate? blue whale or the shrew

A

blue whale

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9
Q

surface area and volume equation

A

SA/V

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10
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

regulates homeostasis, by far most common,

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11
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

enhance/continue to change, rare

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12
Q

In living organisms, homeostasis is typically achieved by

A

negative feedback

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13
Q

Suppose the amount of substance X secreted is controlled by negative feedback and you ingest a poison that destroys substance X. As a result, your body will produce

A

more substance x because there is not enough to reach that negative feedback threshold since the poison is destroying that substance

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14
Q

One person gets sick from a virus. He sneezes and spreads the virus to several other people, who then get sick and spread the virus to many more people. This is an example of

A

feedforward control

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15
Q

You wake up and grab your phone from the bedside table. The weather app tells you it will get very hot this afternoon. As a result, you decide to wear shorts. This is an example of

A

positive feedback

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16
Q

Four types of Biomolecules

A

Carbs- simple sugars

lipids- fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesteral

proteins- chains of amino acids

nucleotides- DNA and RNA; ATP and NADH

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17
Q

functional proteins

A

enzymes, transport, channels

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a lipid?
Triglyceride
Cholesterol
Phosphoglyceride
Fatty acid
Glycoprotein

A

glycoprotein

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19
Q

If molecules are crossing a lipid bilayer that contains no proteins, the molecules could be moving across via

A

simple diffusion

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20
Q

Which of the following typically requires a specialized type of protein in a cell membrane?

A

facilitated diffusion
secondary active transport
primary active transport

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21
Q

what do lipids form

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

How many ATP do you get from one glucose molecule?

A

32

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23
Q

How is glucose regulated?

A

adrenal glands and insulin

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24
Q

Glucose cannot penetrate the phospholipid membrane, what is used to transport Glucose inside the cell?T

A

GLUT4 is used to transport glucose inside the cell

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25
Q

After glycolysis we have:

A

net total of 2 ATP
2 pyruvate
2 NADH

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26
Q

what is the linking step?

A

sending the 2 pyruvate to the mitochondria to harvest more energy

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27
Q

Linking Step process

A

move pyruvate from cytosol, gain NADH and H+, and end with Acetyl CoA

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28
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inside the mitochondria

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29
Q

Free Radical

A

result of the ETC, can be harmful to humans

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30
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

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31
Q

where does the cytric cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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32
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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33
Q

factors with large affect on metabolic rate

A

physical activity and environmental temperature

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34
Q

factors that affect metabolic rate on a smaller scale

A

size, age, gender, hormonal status, ingestion of meal,

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35
Q

Major changes during hibernation

A

heart rate drops
breathing rate drops
body temperature drops
metabolic rate drops (as much as using only 1% of basal metabolic rate)

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36
Q

Hibernation vs Torpor

A

Hibernation is for an extended period of time like through winter while torpor is for short periods of time like a day or night.

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36
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

no ATP needed
moves down concentration gradient
needs a carrier protein

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36
Q

Simple diffusion

A

lipid soluble molecules
no energy or transport proteins required
driven by concentration gradient

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37
Q

Gated Channels

A

can open or close due to various stimuli

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38
Q

Ion channel

A

Any channel that allows ions through

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39
Q

Voltage gated ion channel

A

opens as membrane potential changes

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40
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

something attaches to the channels to open it

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41
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

channel is physically pulled open

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42
Q

active transport

A

protein transporter needed
energy is required
molecules can move against the gradient

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43
Q

Primary active transport

A

uses exergonic reaction (ATP)

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44
Q

Secondary active transport

A

couples movement of one molecule to movement of a second molecule

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45
Q

Osmolarity vs Tonicity

A

Osmolarity is the ability of solution to induce water to cross a membrane while tonicity is the ability of solution to move non-permeable particles across a membrane

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46
Q

Driving force

A

changing how ions go across the membrane

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47
Q

large driving force =

A

large difference between current state and equilibrium and a large current of ions

48
Q

electrical gradient

A

opposite charges attract while same charges repel

49
Q

chemical gradient

A

high concentration to low concentration

50
Q

A large, artificial depolarization of a neuron would typically

A

trigger an action potential
open voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels
open voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels

51
Q

Graded potentials typically

A

get smaller with distance from their source

52
Q

Which of these structures does the Kreb’s cycle take place in?

A

cytoplasm

53
Q

During aerobic metabolism, if glycolysis begins with one glucose molecule, glycolysis will end with

A

two molecules of pyruvate

54
Q

Compared to oxidative phosphorylation, the Krebs cycle

A

generates more carbon dioxide (CO2)

55
Q

Only considering Na+, in a cell with 50 mM Na+ outside the cell, 10 mM Na+ inside the cell, and a membrane potential of +90 mV, which direction is the Na+ electochemical gradient?

A

into the cell

56
Q

Only considering K+, in a cell with 100 mM K+ inside the cell, 10 mM K+ outside the cell, and a membrane potential of -10 mV, which direction is the K+ chemical gradient?

A

out of the cell

57
Q

Increasing the permeability of potassium by 5 times the typical amount will have what effect on the likelihood of an action potential?

A

Make an action potential less likely to occur (keeps the cell negative which keeps from depolarization)

58
Q

Decreasing the permeability of potassium by 5 times the typical amount will have what effect on the likelihood of an action potential?

A

Make an action potential more likely to occur

59
Q

If the postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarized from its resting potential following an action potential in a presynaptic neuron, this chemical synapse

A

must be excitatory

60
Q

A toxin binds to a voltage-gated sodium channel preventing it from opening. What effect does this have on the neuron?

A

The action potential will be stopped entirely

61
Q

For a cell at a typical resting potential, which of the following types of ions typically would have a net movement against its electrical gradient (assuming the membrane is permeable to this ion)?

A

calcium (Ca2+)

62
Q

Your left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected via a bundle of axons called the

A

corpus callosum

63
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are typically found at synapses

A

between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells

64
Q

Of the nine steps in a single instance of the citric acid cycle, how many yield high-energy molecules (GTP, ATP, NADH, or FADH2)?

A

5

65
Q

A cell is metabolizing glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The O2 supply is suddenly stopped. As a result,

A

lactate (or lactic acid) will build up

66
Q

You wake up this morning and realize that you have an exam in a few hours. Your heart rate increases and you breathe faster, although you are still lying in bed. This is an example of

A

anticipatory regulation

67
Q

Water absorbs most of the heat from sunlight that shines on it, while ice reflects most of the sunlight. When polar ice melts, there is more water (and less ice) in the ocean, which absorbs more heat, which causes still more ice to melt. This is an example of

A

positive feedback

68
Q

Your mind wanders during class and you start thinking about what you will make for dinner; your mouth starts to “water” (i.e., you produce more saliva). This is an example of

A

feedforward regulation

69
Q

A semipermeable membrane separates two compartments. The membrane is permeable to Na+, K+, Cl-, and water. At time zero, compartment 1 contains 3 M NaCl and compartment 2 contains 3 M KCl. In a few minutes,

A

the concentration of Na+ in compartment 1 will have decreased

70
Q

In a typical neuron at its resting potential, the electrical gradient and the concentration gradient act in opposite directions for

A

potassium (K+) because it leaves the cell while its electrical gradient would be into the cell

71
Q

In your cells, an equilibrium potential of +60 mV is typical for

A

sodium

72
Q

Your corpus callosum connects

A

your left cerebrum to your right cerebrum

73
Q

The dorsal horn is in the

A

spinal cord

74
Q

graded potentials

A

any depolarization that does not cross threshold. decay over space and time

75
Q

stimulatory inputs of an action potential:

A

cause depolarizing channels to open (sodium)

76
Q

inhibitory inputs of an action potential:

A

cause
repolarizing or hyperpolarizing channels to open

77
Q

Rising/Depolarizing Phase

A

Caused by influx of sodium if threshold is reached.

78
Q

Threshold for action potential production:

A

triggered by the net graded potential

79
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

more difficult to
generate a new AP;
some Na+ channels still
inactive and increased #
K+ channels are open

80
Q

absolute refractory period

A

incapable of
generating a new AP,
upstream Na+ channels
closed, membrane must
repolarize so channel
proteins can return to openable state

81
Q

Benefits of myelinated neurons

A

enables rapid signal conduction

82
Q

Electrical synapses:

A

fast transmission
restricted to voltage changes only
good for responses that require high speed

83
Q

Chemical transmission

A

more flexible than electrical transmission

84
Q

what determines effect of neurotransmitter

A

The effects of any neurotransmitter are
determined by the properties of the
receptor, not the transmitter

85
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

Can amplify signals
prolong the effects of signal
slower than gap junctions
less reliable

86
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

cause hyperpolarization (stops AP’s)

87
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

cause depolarization (more AP’s)

88
Q

Depolarizing, excitatory channel

A

Sodium channel

89
Q

hyperpolarizing, inhibitory channel

A

potassium channel

90
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine and glutamate

91
Q

inhibitory

A

GABA and glycine

92
Q

What triggers vesicle release?

A

Calcium

93
Q

Post synaptic receptors

A

Neurotransmitters can bind to multiple types of
receptors

Receptor determines neurotransmitter effect,
not just the neurotransmitter

94
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

ligand gated ion channels

fast

transport ions across membranes

95
Q

Melabotropic Receptors

A

trigger intracellular signaling cascade

second messenger

96
Q

Spatial Summation

A

multiple locations, one AP/location

97
Q

Temporal Summation

A

one location, multiple presynaptic APs

98
Q

What influences post synaptic signal strength

A

neurotransmitter amount

receptor activity

99
Q

Resting potential of a typical neuron

A

-70 mV

100
Q

Equilibrium potential of sodium

A

+60 mV

101
Q

equilibrium potential of potassium

A

-90 mV

102
Q

Equilibrium of Chlorine

A

-65 mV

103
Q

Equilibrium of Calcium

A

+120 mV

104
Q

Action potential threshold

A

-55 mV

105
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant and support neurons

106
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelin sheaths

107
Q

ependymal cells

A

forms cerebralspinal fluid

108
Q

Microglia

A

immune defense of CNS

109
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between capillary
endothelial cells

110
Q

Forebrain

A

receives and integrates sensory information

111
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates reflex responses to sight and sound

112
Q

Hindbrain

A

Reflex control of
respiration, blood circulation, other basic tasks

113
Q

Purpose of Thalamus

A

Relay and processing station in the midbrain

114
Q

purpose of the hypothalamus

A

Maintains basic feedback loops and therefore homeostasis. coordinates autonomic nervous system

115
Q

Four lobes of the cortex

A

Occipital Lobe- vision

Temporal Lobe- hearing, speech

parietal lobe- body sensory

frontal lobe- motor activity, speech, memory, planning

116
Q

Habituation

A

decreased
responsiveness to repeated stimuli

117
Q

sensitization

A

association of
one stimulus with another,
and increasing the response over time

118
Q

Where in the adult human brain does neurogenesis occur?

A

hippocampus

subventricular zone

hypothalamus

olfactory bulb

119
Q
A

Physiology (1 decks)

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