Exam 1 flashcards

Question 1

what are the characteristics common to all living organisms?

Answer 1

organization, cells, metabolism, development, excitability, homeostasis, reproduction, evolution,

Question 2

what does the study of anatomy and physiology entail?

Answer 2

• anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, with an emphasis on how it relates to function
• physiology is the study of dynamic processes in the living body

Question 3

what are the structural levels of organization in the human body

Answer 3

organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms

Question 4

how are the levels interrelated to each other and to function

Answer 4

• organism is composed of organ systems
• organ systems are composed of organs
• organs are composed of tissues
• tissues are composed cells
• cells are composed of organelles
• organelles are composed of molecules
• molecules are composed of atoms

Question 5

organ system (11 systems)

Answer 5

groups of organs that carry out a basic function such as circulation, respiration, or digestion

Question 6

organ

Answer 6

structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

Question 7

tissue

Answer 7

group of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

Question 8

cells

Answer 8

smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life

Question 9

organelles

Answer 9

microscopic structures that carry out a cell’s individual functions

Question 10

molecules

Answer 10

compose organelles and other cellular components

Question 11

atoms

Answer 11

composes a molecule (2 atoms)

Question 11

atoms

Answer 11

composes a molecule (2 atoms)

Question 12

what is homeostasis

Answer 12

the ability to maintain internal stability

Question 13

what are the features of a homeostatic feedback loop

Answer 13

positive feedback and negative feedback

Question 14

intrinsic regulation (autoregulation)

Answer 14

at tissue/organ level (local)

Question 15

extrinsic

Answer 15

external message (neural/hormonal)

Question 16

negative feedback

Answer 16

most common, self-stopping flow chart
(im hungry, i eat, I’m not hungry)

Question 17

features of a homeostatic feedback loop

Answer 17

stimulus (physical or chemical parameter that can vary)
sensor (the structure that detects condition: cell type, tissue, organ)
control center: the structure that processes information and sends message
message: the method of intercellular communication (neural or chemical/hormonal)
effector: (structure that is either stimulated by the neuron or has a receptor for the hormone/chemical-ligand)
response: activity or change in activity of the effector

Question 18

extrinsic regulation

Answer 18

responses controlled by nervous or endocrine systems

Question 19

intrinsic regulation

Answer 19

inherent property of an organ in order to maintain homeostasis within the organ

Question 20

negative feedback

Answer 20

mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, and in turn, maintains body parameters within their normal range

Question 21

positive feedback

Answer 21

intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it

Question 22

stimulus

Answer 22

anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change

Question 23

sensor

Answer 23

detects changes in the internal or external environment

Question 24

control center

Answer 24

receives and processes information from the receptor

Question 25

effector

Answer 25

component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range

Question 26

what is the structure of an atom and how does that structure relate to chemistry?