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PCS V > Exam 1 - Emergency Respiratory Decision Making > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Emergency Respiratory Decision Making Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal I:E ratio of respiration in a eupnic patient?

A

1:3

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2
Q

if you can hear respiratory sounds without touching the patient, where does this localize your problem to?

A

pharynx & carina - large airway!!

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3
Q

what are some action steps if you have localized your respiratory problem to the nose?

A

hemorrhage control, humidification, foreign body removal, & sedation

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4
Q

what clinical signs are associated with a respiratory problem that has been localized to the nose?

A

stertor/sneezing - inspiratory!

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5
Q

what er diagnostics are used for a respiratory problem that has been localized to the nose?

A

dependent on the nature of condition - bleeding vs. airflow, CHECK PLATELETS

baseline minimum database, met check, skull films, & set them up for advanced diagnostics

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6
Q

what are some clinical signs of a respiratory problem that has been localized to the larynx?

A

heard on inspiration, +/- wheeze

dyspneic, long inspiration, vocal change, history of coughing/retching, & heat/humidity intolerant

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7
Q

what action steps may be taken for a respiratory problem that has been localized to the larynx?

A

sedation, oxygen therapy, intubation, foreign body removal, tracheostomy, treatment for hyperthermia

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8
Q

why should you do thoracic rads for a respiratory problem that has been localized to the larynx?

A

assessing for non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema - potential for aspiration pneumonia

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9
Q

what er diagnostics are used for a respiratory problem that has been localized to the larynx?

A

oral exam, baseline testing, chest rads, set them up for surgery, make sure they aren’t hyperthermic

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10
Q

what clinical signs are associated with a respiratory problem that has been localized to the trachea?

A

inspiratory turbulence more common than expiratory turbulence

honking cough

heat/humidity intolerance

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11
Q

what action steps can be taken for a respiratory problem that has been localized to the trachea?

A

sedation, oxygen therapy, intubation, maybe give them a steroid/antibiotic if indicated

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12
Q

what er diagnostics are used for a respiratory problem that has been localized to the trachea?

A

baseline testing & chest rads to look at the trachea!

set them up later for advanced imaging & surgery

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13
Q

what diseases commonly affect small airways in the lung?

A

asthma & neoplasia

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14
Q

what diseases commonly affect the alveoli in the lungs?

A

pneumonia, edema, & neoplasia

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15
Q

what animals are most commonly affected by bronchial disease?

A

cats - history of a cough, change in season/moving

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16
Q

what clinical signs are associated with bronchial disease?

A

expiratory dyspnea, abdominal press, wheeze, dry rales/rub

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17
Q

what are the action steps that should be taken for bronchial disease?

A

oxygen!!!! sedation, bronchodilator

later - steroid & inhalation meds (feline asthma)

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18
Q

what er diagnostics should be used for bronchial disease?

A

baseline testing & chest rads

later - do a fecal for lungworms, a heart worm test, CT, & potential lung wash

19
Q

T/F: pneumonia in cats out of the south is abnormal

A

true

20
Q

T/F: cats with alveolar disease is not as common for cats as it is in dogs

A

true

21
Q

what should be assessed in the case of potential alveolar disease?

A

inspiratory dyspnea - cats can have a bronchiolar response

crackles - fine or coarse

murmur? temp? wet or deep cough? at night? history of vomiting (aspiration)? anybody else sick?

22
Q

what action steps are required for alveolar disease?

A

sedation, oxygen, potential antibiotic/furosemide

23
Q

what er diagnostics should be used for alveolar disease?

A

baseline testing, thoracic rads, HWT, & ecg

later - potential echo & lung wash

24
Q

paradoxical abdominal motion seen during respiration is specific for what localization?

A

pleural space disease

25
Q

what clinical signs are associated with pleural space disease?

A

paradoxical abdominal motion, air hunger, decreased lung sounds, & clear heart sounds with fluid

26
Q

what action steps should be done for pleural space disease?

A

sedate & provide oxygen

do a TFAST & thoracocentesis - could be anticoagulant rodenticide or trauma

sample fluid for cytology & culture or quantify air removed

27
Q

what er diagnostics should be used for pleural space disease?

A

baseline testing, chest rads, fluid analysis & culture

for later - echo, CT, surgery

28
Q

what should be monitored on a patient with pleural space disease?

A

hourly heart rate, respiratory rate, & respiratory effort

recheck tfast

29
Q

what criteria must be met for an emergency chest tube?

A

more than 2 taps required or excessive air volume

30
Q

what action steps should be taken for chest wall problems?

A

sedation, oxygen therapy, intubation, pain management, & possible ventilation

31
Q

what er diagnostics should be used for chest wall problems?

A

baseline testing, chest rads, arterial blood gas

later - ct & surgery

32
Q

why does panting cause more respiratory problems?

A

increased frequency, decreased tidal volume, increased percentage of breath is dead space, & increased energy requirement

dyspnea is painful!! relaxed breathing is more efficient

33
Q

what are some indications for oxygen therapy?

A

hypoxemia, increased work of breathing, & hypoventilation

34
Q

what are the parameters that define hypoxemia?

A

SpO2 <95%

PaO2 < 75mmHg

room air!!!

35
Q

what are some contraindications for oxygen therapy?

A

evil patient that is fractious

36
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

PaCO2 > 45 mmHg

37
Q

what are the exceptions to hypoventilation?

A

lower airway obstruction, increased metabolism, & rebreathing CO2

38
Q

T/F: LMN/CNS patients may not be in distress when hypoventilating

A

true

39
Q

T/F: hypoventilation requires ventilation for correction

A

true

40
Q

50-150 ml/kg/min gets you how much oxygen supplementation through a cannula?

A

30-50% oxygen

41
Q

what is required for an oxygen-rich environment for oxygen supplementation?

A

need a CO2 monitor/scrubber

limited patient access

hard to get over 60%

42
Q

what is required for high flow oxygen therapy?

A

air-oxygen bender generates up to FiO2 = 1.0

compressor creates a flow rate of up to 60L/min

active heated humidifier for 100% humidity

43
Q

what are the pros & cons of intubation for a patient in respiratory distress?

A

pros - decreases airway resistance

cons - difficult to control FiO2 & requires sedation

PCS V (8 decks)

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