Exam 1 Disorder Causes

Question 1

what causes hypokalemia by increased sodium and water delivery to distal tubules

Answer 1

diuretics, aminoglycosides, high dose penicillins

Question 2

what causes hypokalemia by increased aldosterone

Answer 2

mineralocorticoids like fludrocortisone

Question 3

what causes hypokalemia by GI loss

Answer 3

excessive vomiting and diarrhea, laxatives, enemas, tube drainage

Question 4

what causes hypokalemia by transcellular potassium shift

Answer 4

insulin (shifts potassium into cell in exchange for sodium), catecholamines (stimulates Na K ATPase), acid-base (alkalosis shifts potassium into cell)

Question 5

what causes hyperkalemia from decreased sodium and water delivery to distal tubules

Answer 5

volume depletion, renal failure

Question 6

what causes hyperkalemia from decreased aldosterone

Answer 6

endocrine disorders (addison’s, adrenal insufficiency)

Question 7

what drugs cause hyperkalemia

Answer 7

K sparing diuretics, ACEi/ARBs, NSAIDs, heparin, cyclosporine & tacrolimus, trimethoprim, pentamidine

Question 8

what causes hyperkalemia from transcellular potassium shift

Answer 8

cell lysis, or acid-base (acidosis shifts potassium out of the cell)

Question 9

what causes hypomagnesemia from total body deficit

Answer 9

decrease intake, TPN without Mg, alcoholism, malabsorptive syndromes, short bowel syndrome, pancreatic insufficiency

Question 10

what drugs cause hypomagnesemia

Answer 10

diuretics, alcohol, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin, cyclosporine and tacrolimus

Question 11

what causes hypomagnesemia from GI loss

Answer 11

vomiting and diarrhea, laxatives, enemas, tube drainage

Question 12

what causes hypermagnesemia

Answer 12

antacids, cathartics, renal failure

Question 13

what causes hypovolemia

Answer 13

dehydration, bleeding, diarrhea, vomiting, diuresis, third spacing, sweating, aldosterone deficiency

Question 14

what causes hypervolemia

Answer 14

sodium and water retention, renal failure, aldosterone excess, CHF, cirrhosis, iatrogenic IV fluid errors

Question 15

what causes hyponatremia

Answer 15

thiazide diuretics

Question 16

causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia

Answer 16

decreased sodium and water, extra renal losses (vomiting, diarrhea), thiazide diuretics, decreased aldosterone from adrenal insufficiency

Question 17

what causes isovolemic hyponatremia

Answer 17

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Question 18

what causes SIADH

Answer 18

cancers, CNS disorders, chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, NSAIDs, SSRIs, ecstasy

Question 19

causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 19

impaired renal sodium and water excretion, congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, liver damage

Question 20

what causes hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 20

diabetes insipidus (central or nephrogenic)

Question 21

what causes central diabetes insipidus

Answer 21

surgery, head injury, CNS cancer

Question 22

what causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 22

lithium, cidofovir, foscarnet, demeclocycline, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia

Question 23

what causes hypervolemic hypernatremia

Answer 23

sodium overload, mineralocorticoid excess

Question 24

what causes hypovolemic hypernatremia

Answer 24

osmotic diuresis, vomiting, diarrhea, NG tube drainage, sweat, burns, adrenal insufficiency

Question 25

what causes hypercalcemia

Answer 25

thiazide diuretics, hyperparathyroidism, cancers

Question 26

what causes hypocalcemia

Answer 26

loop diuretics, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, cell lysis, hypoparathyroidism, bone metastases, parathyroidectomy

Question 27

what causes hyperphosphatemia

Answer 27

phosphate enemas, renal failure, cell lysis

Question 28

what causes hypophosphatemia

Answer 28

decreased phosphorus intake, vit D deficiency, decreased GI absorption, bisphosphonates, hyperparathyroidism, refeeding syndrome, hungry bone syndrome