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Psb2000 > Exam 1 Cram Sesh > Flashcards

Exam 1 Cram Sesh Flashcards

1
Q

How do neurons communicate and adapt?

A

*chemical message
*neurotransmitters and recepteors
*adaptive role of synapses in learning and memory
*neurotransmitter systems and behaviors

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2
Q

Synapse

A

Neurons communicate by transmitting chemicals at junctions called synapses

Specialized gap between neurons

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3
Q

Who discovered synapses

A

Charles Scott Sherrington

Investigated how neurons communicate with each other by studying reflexes

The speed of the communication was validated the idea of synapse

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4
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are both controlled by acetylcholine neurons that emanate from the

A

Spinal cord

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5
Q

Dunce
Rutabaga

A

Genetic mutations

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6
Q

Maintains sleep and wake patterns

A

Serotonergic

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7
Q

Chlonergic

A

Linked to waking eeg patterns

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8
Q

Maintains emotional tone

A

Noradrenergic

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9
Q

When response to a stimulus is strengthened with repeated stimulus presentation

A

Sensitization

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10
Q

When a response to stimulus weakens with repeated stimulation

A

Habituation

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11
Q

Nigrostriatal pathways of the ________ system maintain normal motor behavior

A

Dopaminergic

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12
Q

How does a Sea slug respond to touch

A

Withdrawing is siphon and gill

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13
Q

System linked to depression and mania

A

Noradrenergic

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14
Q

Associated with drugs and alcohol

A

Dopaminergic

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15
Q

System associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Chlolinergic

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16
Q

Filopodia are the bases for

A

Dendritic spines

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17
Q

System maintains sleep and wake patterns

A

Serotonergic

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18
Q

Repeated=habituation

A

Less response

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19
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are controlled by

A

Neurons from the spinal cord

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20
Q

A sea slug is prodded repeatedly. Each time it’s prodded

A

The influx of calcium ions decrease

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21
Q

During sympathetic arousal,________ turns down digestion.

A

Norepinephrine

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22
Q

A ______________ known as cAMP plays an important role in changing the structure of synapses

A

Second messenger

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23
Q

Alzheimer’s is linked to which system

A

Cholinergic

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24
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder is linked to which system

A

Serotonergic

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25
Q

Sensitization leads to longer than normal responses to a shock because

A

More neurotransmitters are released by the sensory neuron

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26
Q

Bodys “second brain”

A

Enteric nervous system

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27
Q

Repeated habituation may trigger a ________neuron to _____ synapses

A

Sensory; lose

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28
Q

The main receptor in the somatic nervous system is the __________ acetylcholine receptor.

A

Nicotinic

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29
Q

An activating system is a neural pathway that is controlled by a single

A

Neurotransmitter

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30
Q

After a terrible scare which nervous system calms the body back down

A

Parasympathetic

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31
Q

During rest and digest, ____________ turns down heart rate

A

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

MPTP is related to what disease

A

Parkinson’s disease

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33
Q

The main receptor in the somatic nervous system

A

Ionotrophic

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34
Q

Dopaminergic

A

Drugs and addiction

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35
Q

During sympathetic arousal what turns up heart rate?

A

norepinephrine

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36
Q

Linked to decrease in Serotonergic activity

A

Depression

37
Q

Linked to decrease in noradrenic activity

A

Hyperactivity

38
Q

Decrease in metabolism in pathways of Dopaminergic system is linked to

A

Attention problems

39
Q

I’m the somatic nervous system an _______ receptor opens a lore, which ______ the muscle fiber

A

Ionotrophic; depolarizes

40
Q

Sympathetic system produces

A

Fight or flight responses

41
Q

Activating subsystems are most likely to be apart of the

A

CNS

42
Q

What technology allows us to see a synapse

A

Electron microscope

43
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect

44
Q

Have distant targets, action slower that the ones of a neurotransmitter

A

Hormone

45
Q

Hypothalmus..pituitary gland…hormones…

A

Target organs organs and glands glands

46
Q

Single neurotransmitter binding to a receptor can activate a sequence of events called

A

Amplification cascade

47
Q

G protein activates a

A

Second messenger

48
Q

Metabotrophic receptors have a widespread effect, what’s it called

A

Amplification cascade

49
Q

Four activating systems in the CNS

A

Noradrenergic system
Serotonergic system
chlolinergic system
Dopaminergic system

50
Q

Embedded membrane protein with two parts
Binding site for neurotransmitter
Pore that regulates ion flow to directly and rapidly change membrane voltage

A

Ionotropic

51
Q

Metabotrophic

A

No pore

52
Q

Drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter

A

Agonist

53
Q

Drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

A

Antagonist

54
Q

Neither stored In synaptic vesicles nor released from them
Easily crosses cell membrane I
Synthesized in cell

Ex. NO nitrous oxide
Co carbon monoxide

A

Gaseous transmitters

55
Q

Endocannabinoids

Includes 2-Ag
Anandamide

Derived from an unsaturated fatty acid

A

Lipid transmitter

56
Q

Synthesize through translation of mRNA from instructions in the neurons DNA

Assembled on the neurons ribosomes in the summer and packaged in a memory and by Golgi bodies and are transported by microtubules to the axon terminal.

Add slowly and are not replaced easily

A

Neuropeptides

57
Q

Sleep calm mood Nerotransmitter

A

Serotonin

58
Q

Movement and pleasure neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

59
Q

Epinephrine

A

ANS

60
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Voluntary muscles ;autonomic nervous system

61
Q

Four classes of neurotransmitters

A

Small molecule transmitters
Peptide transmitters
Lipid transmitters
Gaseous transmitters

62
Q

Time period with earliest studies linking electricity and nervous system functioning

A

18th cent.

63
Q

Voltmeter with a Screen that can measure minute electrical signals coming from a neuron is called

A

Oscilloscope

64
Q

If medication isn’t helping epileptic seizures, what is an alternative treatment?

A

Surgery

65
Q

Medication‘s aren’t helping to control epileptic seizures what is an alternative treatment?

A

Deep brain stimulation

66
Q

What are micro electrodes made of

A

Insulated wire or glass

67
Q

How many epilepsy cases are drug treatment ineffective for

A

30%

68
Q

What percentage of epilepsy cases do not have a clear cause

A

60%

69
Q

Drug for epilepsy

A

Dilantin

70
Q

If there is a negative charge on one side of a membrane and a positive charge on the other side of the membrane the charge will be the highest where?

A

On the surface of the membrane

71
Q

The charge of cells will be the highest

A

We’re positive and negative ions accumulate

72
Q

Disease linked to excessive neural synchrony in the brain

A

Epilepsy

73
Q

Alternative treatment to epilepsy

A

High fat low carbohydrate ketogenic diet

74
Q

Oscilloscope measurements

A

Millivolts; milliseconds

75
Q

Where did the Descartes believe cerebrospinal fluid was stored when it isn’t being used to move the body

A

Ventricles

76
Q

Measurements of a single axon is being made, how?

A

Voltmeter

77
Q

Voltmeter

A

Axon

78
Q

Measuring minute electrical signals coming from a neuron

What is used to measure

A

Oscilloscope

79
Q

First researcher to stimulate the neo cortex to produce movement in a nonhuman human species

A

Fritsch

80
Q

What are the axons on loligo vulgaris connected to

A

The stellate ganglion

81
Q

Who discovered electrical stimulation

A

Luigi Galvani

82
Q

First to measure electrical currents in the brain

A

Richard caton

83
Q

Who suggested that neuronal chemistry produces an electrical charge

A

Julius Bernstein

84
Q

Which device did caton used to study electrical currents in the brain

A

Voltmeter

85
Q

Highly unethical scientist
Human subjects

A

Roberts bartholow

86
Q

Cation example

A

Na+

87
Q

Anion example

A

Cl-

88
Q

When two sides of a membrane possess difference in charge they have

A

Voltage

89
Q

What is the acronym for the 12 cranial nerves?

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Vegas Slot Handles

Their functions can be described using the acronym:

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

Psb2000 (2 decks)

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