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Virology > Exam 1 continued > Flashcards

Exam 1 continued Flashcards

1
Q

What type of viral infection has a rapid clearance from the host immune response ?

A

Acute infection

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2
Q

What type of viral infection develops late, sometimes has no clinical signs, and is continuously shed ?

A

Persistent infection

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3
Q

What type of viral infection is a form persistent of infection and requires reactivation ?

A

Latent infection: can be maintained restriction of protein expression, or viral and host DNA integrated

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4
Q

What type of viral infections is a form of persistent infection is established if the acute infection is not cleared ?

A

Chronic infection

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5
Q

What type of viral infection is a form of persistent infection with a long incubation period, and progressively becomes a lethal disease ?

A

Slow infection

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6
Q

What is cytopahic/cytopathogenic effect ? (CPE)

A

Morphological damage to cells due to viral infection

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7
Q

Tell me what pyknosis is…

A

cell nucleus degeneration that has the appearance of clumped chromosomes, hyperchromatin, and shrinking of the nucleus

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8
Q

What type of destruction of cells is only the detachment of some, but not all cells ?

A

Subtotal destruction

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9
Q

What are 8 key characteristics of CPE ?

A

cell lysis, cell rounding, cell detachment, vacuoles in cytoplasm, inclusion bodies, syncytium formation, antigenic changes in cell membrane, swelling and clumping

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10
Q

Enveloped viruses are good at trigging this type of cell response that results in 4+ cells coming together to produce a large cell that is prone to premature death…

A

Syncytium (Cell fusion)

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11
Q

What are found in host cells during viral infections that have unique staining properties and what do they include ?

A

Inclusion bodies. Accumulation of viral components: negri bodies= ribnonuculear proteins from rabies Degenerative changes in cells: owl’s eye from herepesvirus Cyrstalline aggregates of virions: adenovirus infections

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12
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of virus-induced cell injury and death?

A

inhibition of host-cell nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of host cell RNA transcription, inhibition of host cell protein synthesis, interference with cell membrane function, apoptosis

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13
Q

What do non-cytocidal viruses do to cells ?

A

Cause persistent infections, allow infected cells to still replicate, pathophysiologic changes, slow changes lead to death Seen with: pestivirus, arenavirus, retrovirus, paramyxovirus

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14
Q

What type of viral infection stimulates a host immune response, allows for viral spread, but clinical signs are not present ?

A

Inapparent infections

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15
Q

What term is used to describe the changing of a normal cell into a cancerous cell ?

A

Cell transformation

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16
Q

Neoplasia…define it!

A

Leads to neoplasm, can be localized or dissmeinated

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17
Q

What is the change of a normal cell into a cancerous cell called ?

A

Cell transformation

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18
Q

Leads to neoplasm, and is a descriptive term used to denote abnormal tissue that is either local or disseminated.

A

Neoplasia

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19
Q

You better know what this means: Oncology…

A

study of neoplasia/neoplasms

20
Q

What type of neoplasm stays localized and does not invade other tissues?

A

Benign

21
Q

This jerk of a cancer likes to invade other areas locally and systemically…what is it ?

A

Malignant neoplasm aka cancer

This process is called metastasis

22
Q

Metastasis is defined as…

A

spread of cancer cells from origin to other parts of the body.

Travel in bloodstream and lymphatics

23
Q

T/F- oncogenic viruses cause tumors

A

TRUE

24
Q

When a progenitor cell is genetically altered and has dysregulated growth…what develops ?

A
25
Q

What gene encodes proteins that allow for normal cellular growth and differentiation?

A

Proto-oncogene

Mutation of this can INCREASE growth

26
Q

This gene keeps cell division in check, and if a mutation arises there may be no inhibition of growth. What gene am I ?

A

Tumor suppressor gene

27
Q

What 4 things do proto-onco genes code for?

A

Growth factor proteins/receptors, transcription factors, intracellular signalling proteins, signal transducers

28
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated forms of proto-oncogenes

29
Q

Tumor suppressor genes hold cell cycle at what phase?

A

G1 (yay general biology…again!)

30
Q

What 3 proteins do tumor suppresor proteins code for, and what are their functions ?

A

Rb-retinblastoma protein

p53-activate DNA repair system, stops cell at G1

p16-blocks cycline dependent kinase –> Rb binds to E2F –> no cell division

31
Q

T/F- tumor suppressor genes are responsible for repair of damaged DNA (apoptosis if failure occurs)

A

TRUE

adhesion proteins, metastasis are produced to prevent spread of cancer cells

32
Q

What happens to your cells if Rb decides it wants to be different and change its genes ?!

A

Tumor cell production

(regulated cell division)

33
Q

What is an important oncogenic virus ? (4)

A

Papillomavirus, polyomavirus, herpesvirus

retrovirus

34
Q

What is the difference between productive infection in a permissive cell and non productive infection in a non permissive cell ?

A

Productive infection: cell lysis releasing its progeny

Non productive infection: viral genome is integrated into cellular DNA

35
Q

What family do ALL oncogenic RNA viruses belong in?

A

Retroviridae

36
Q

Acutely transforming retrovirus is…

A

directly oncogenic. carry an additional v-onc

insert c-onc into viral genome

37
Q

Slow/chronic transforming retrovirus is..

A

Integration into the hosts’ chromosome

does NOT have v-onc

causes malignant tumors

38
Q

Do you wanna do a bunch of cards on Innate immunity ?!

A

No ?… I didn’t either. Go review Immuno.

39
Q

What are 8 ways the virus can evade the hosts’ immune system ?

A

1) Antigenic plasticity-rapid changes to viral antigen
2) Antigenic multiplicty
3) Negative cytokine regulation: virokines are homologs to cytokines and viroceptors are homologts to cytokine receptors
4) Inhibition of complement activation
5) Evasion of neutralizing antibodies
6) Latency
7) Cell-to-cell spread
8) Inhibtion of apoptosis

40
Q

What definition is used to describe the number of deaths among the clinically ill animals ?

A

Case fatality rate

41
Q

What is mortality rate ?

A

Number of animals in a population that die from a specific disease over a period of time

42
Q

What term is used to describe the number of animals that develop clinical signs specific to a virus during a defined period of time?

A

Morbidity rate

43
Q

What is incidence rate/attack rate?

A

number of new cases that occur in a population over a specified period of time

44
Q

What are the number of occurrences of disease, infection, etc. in a population called ?

A
45
Q

Enzootic vs. Epizootic ?

A

Enzootic: constant presence in a geographic location

Epizootic: peak in disease above normal range

46
Q
A

Virology (2 decks)

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