Exam 1 Content Flashcards
what are the 4 D’s
Distress—Cause emotional or physical pain.
Dysfunction—Interfere with a person’s ability to function in daily life.
Deviance—Outside cultural norms.
Dangerousness—Can harm or scare self or others.
What is dysfunction?
Interfere with a person’s ability
to function in daily life
What is distress?
Cause emotional or physical pain
What is deviance?
Outside cultural norms
What is Dangerousness?
Can harm or scare self or others
what are symptoms of disfunction
impairment in an important
area of day-to-day life, such as work, school,
connection with other people
What are examples of distress?
Difficulty paying attention
Emotional pain and suffering
what are symptoms of deviance
- Behaviors, thoughts, feelings that may
be highly unusual for the social context. - Violation of social norms (shared
standards about the how people think,
feel, behave in different situations.
Dangerousness is presented as
- danger to self
- danger to other
What are theories?
Set of ideas that
provides a framework for
questioning, gathering, and
interpreting information about a
phenomenon
HM story
THE OPERATION CREATED AN UNANTICIPATED DEFICIT: A
PROFOUND LOSS OF RECENT MEMORIES AND INABILITY TO
FORM NEW ONES.
* AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY DESTROYED
* SEMANTIC MEMORY ACQUIRED BEFORE THE OPERATION
WAS NORMAL,
* INABILITY TO COLLECT NEW SEMANTIC INFORMATION
* SEMANTIC MEMORY = GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE
WORLD
what did we learn about HM
hippocampus role
many things we know from the brain had to do with HM
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ‘TRANSMIT’:
INFORMATION
BETWEEN NERVE
CELLS (OR
NEURONS
Psychological symptoms may
arise when:
too many or too few receptors
there is decreased or increased
sensitivity of receptors.
There is other malfunctioning in
neurotransmitter systems such
as increased or decreased
amounts of neurotransmitters.
T or F
WE HAVE NO BASIS FOR DISTINGUISHING A
CHEMICAL BALANCE FROM A CHEMICAL IMBALANCE
TRUE
epigenetic means
STUDY OF CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT
CHANGE IN GENE SEQUENCE
FINNISH ADOPTION STUDY:
36.8% OF HIGH-
GENETIC RISK ADOPTEES LIVING IN A
DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
WERE FOUND TO HAVE DEVELOPED A
SCHIZOPHRENIA-SPECTRUM DISORDER,
COMPARED TO ONLY 5.8% OF THOSE IN A
HEALTHY FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
what is the endocrine system
SYSTEM OF GLANDS THAT
PRODUCES CHEMICALS
CALLED HORMONES
RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO
THE BLOOD.
what are some treatments for hormonal imbalance?
CURRENT TREATMENTS
LIKE PSYCHOTHERAPY AND
NEUROTRANSMITTER-
TARGETING DRUGS ARE
OFTEN MORE EFFECTIVE
AND SAFER
Immune system =
inflammation
what are some strengths of the biological model
– ENJOYS CONSIDERABLE
RESPECT IN THE FIELD
– CONSTANTLY PRODUCES
VALUABLE NEW
INFORMATION
* HAVING AN
UNDERSTANDING MAY
RESULT IN DRAMATIC
RELIEF
what are some weaknesses of the biological model
– PEOPLE TEND TO THINK THAT
ONLY MEDICATIONS ARE
USEFUL (PSYCHOTHERAPY
SOMETIMES JUST AS USEFUL
OR BETTER)
– SOME PEOPLE THINK
BIOLOGICAL IMPLIES NOT
TREATABLE (“JUST THE WAY I
AM”)
– FUNDING FOR RESEARCH
what is operant conditioning
a learning process in which the consequences which follow a response determine whether the behavior will be repeated.
behavior likely to be repeated
has been reinforced without punishment
what is operant conditioning
learning by association
pavlovs dog
little albert
strengths of the behavioral model
POWERFUL FORCE IN THE
FIELD
CAN BE TESTED IN THE
LABORATORY
SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH
SUPPORT FOR BEHAVIORAL
THERAPIES
what are some weaknesses of the behavioral model
TOO SIMPLISTIC
BEHAVIOR THERAPY IS
LIMITED
DOWNPLAYS ROLE OF
COGNITION
what are cognitive theories
THE WAY A PERSON ATTENDS TO,
INTERPRETS, AND USES AVAILABLE
INFORMATION
what is NOCEBO EFFECTS WITH
ANTIDEPRESSANT CLINICAL DRUG
TRIAL PLACEBOS
A 26-YEAR-OLD MALE TOOK 29 INERT CAPSULES, BELIEVING
HE WAS OVERDOSING ON AN ANTIDEPRESSANT.
* SUBSEQUENTLY, HE EXPERIENCED HYPOTENSION
REQUIRING INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS TO MAINTAIN AN
ADEQUATE BLOOD PRESSURE.
* THE NATURE OF THE CAPSULES WAS REVEALED AND THE
ADVERSE SYMPTOMS THEN RAPIDLY ABATED.
what are pros of the cognitive model
THEORIES CAN BE
RESEARCHED
* CLINICALLY USEFUL AND
EFFECTIVE
what are some weaknesses of the cognitive model
DIFFICULT TO
DEMONSTRATE THAT
MALADAPTIVE COGNITIONS
PRECEDE AND CAUSE
DISORDERS (RATHER THAN
BEING THE SYMPTOMS OR
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DISORDERS).
T or F
CULTURE INFLUENCES SYMPTOM
EXPRESSION, AVAILABILITY OF
TREATMENT, AND THE WILLINGNESS TO
SEEK TREATMENT
what is the DIATHESISMODEL:
AN INTEGRATIVE PARADIGM
DIATHESIS
* CAN BE BIOLOGICAL,
SOCIAL, OR
PSYCHOLOGICAL
* INCREASES RISK OF
DEVELOPING DISORDER
* BUT DOES NOT
GUARANTEE A
DISORDER WILL
DEVELOP
STRESS MODEL:
AN INTEGRATIVE PARADIGM
STRESS
* ENVIRONMENTAL, OR LIFE,
DISTURBANCES
* MAY OCCUR AT ANY
POINT AFTER
CONCEPTION
* TRIGGERING EVENT(S)
* HOW A DIATHESIS MAY BE
TRANSLATED INTO AN
ACTUAL DISORDER
8
T or F the dose matters
TRUE
When Considering
Paradigms:
VALUABLE AND INSIGHTFUL
STILL PARADIGMS/MODELS – GUIDE OUR GATHERING OF
INFORMATION
what is EQUIFINALITY
– MUST CONSIDER A NUMBER OF PATHS TO A GIVEN OUTCOME
EX: DELUSIONS
what is MULTIFINALITY
– SIMILAR INITIAL CONDITIONS LEAD TO DIFFERENT END
EFFECTS
what is the prototypical approach
IDENTIFIES ESSENTIAL
FEATURES OF A
DISORDER SO THAT IT
CAN BE CLASSIFIED, BUT
ALLOWS FOR
NONESSENTIAL
VARIATIONS THAT DO
NOT NECESSARILY
CHANGE THE
CLASSIFICATION
what are panic attacks
defined by 4 or more symptoms
INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF
DISEASES
CD = GLOBAL STANDARD IN
DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION FOR
HEALTH REPORTING AND CLINICAL
APPLICATIONS FOR ALL MEDICAL
DIAGNOSES, INCLUDING MENTAL
HEALTH DISORDERS
what are the 11 somatic symptoms of panic attacks
ACCELERATED OR POUNDING
HEART RATE
* SHORTNESS OF BREATH
* CHEST PAIN OR DISCOMFORT
* DIZZY/UNSTEADY/LIGHTHEAD
ED OR FAINT
* CHOKING SENSATION
* TREMBLING/SHAKING
* SWEATING
* NAUSEA
* NUMBNESS/TINGLING
* HEAT SENSATIONS
* DEPERSONALIZATION (BEING
DETACHED FROM ONESELF) OR
DEREALIZATION (FEELING OF
UNREALITY)
what are the two cognitive components of symptoms for panic attacks
- FEAR OF DYING
- FEAR OF LOSING CONTROL
what is the DSM
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL
DISORDERS (DSM)
DIAGNOSTIC AND
STATISTICAL MANUAL OF
MENTAL DISORDERS
DSM = ONLY MENTAL DISORDERS
LISTED BUT IN GREAT DETAIL
INCLUDING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND
ASSOCIATED FEATURES
what is a sign
OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE OF A DISORDER PERCEPTIBLE TO THE
EXAMINING PRACTITIONER
SYMPTOM:
EVIDENCE OF A DISORDER PERCEIVED BY THE PATIENT
DIAGNOSIS:
SYMPTOMS CLUSTER IN A CHARACTERISTIC WAY FOR A
CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME (DURATION), FREQUENCY, INTENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
THE PROCESS OF DISTINGUISHING
BETWEEN CONDITIONS WITH SIMILAR SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS
what is a diagnosis
A LABEL THAT IDENTIFIES A SET OF
SYMPTOMS THAT TEND TO OCCUR
TOGETHER.
what can happen with a diagnosis resulting in stigma
diagnosis becomes main story about them
loose sight of who they are
self stigma / self limiting
what is Rosenhan study
sent people to try to get admitted into hospitals by faking symptoms
get admitted with same diagnosis
they could not get out of hospitals
what is the problem of comorbidity
defined as two or more disorders for the same person
if diagnosed with one disorder meet criteria for another
doesn’t mean that each is independent of each other, as they may share risk factors
with an increased number of diagnosis comes
lower threshold for conditions
failure to adequately address cultural variation
what is a case study
present problem of one person at a time
new source of idea about behavior or theory
challenge current assumptions
new therapy
study unusual problems
negative reinforcement
behavior goes up because an adverse experience is taken away
what are some limitations of a case study
lacks control
questionable validity
limited generalizability
what are some good things about case studies
preliminary guidance
generate hypothesis
what is the correlational method
relationship among variables (2 or more)
assessed with no manipulation
T or F : Correlation implies causation
FALSE
T or F: Correlational studies can provide us clues as to why things happen
TRUE
what is positive direction
higher scores on variable x associated with higher scores on variable y
what is negative direction
higher scores on variable x association with lower scores on variable y
what is the preliminary way to gather information about a topic
correlational research
what are some advantages of the correlational method
have high external validity
generalize findings
easy to replicate
helpful when ethics are involved
what are some difficulties of correlational studies
lack internal validity
results describe but do not explain
directionality issues
what is epidemiology
the study patterns of disease occurrence in human population and by the factors that influence them
prevalence
proportion of a population that has a disorder at any given time
incidence
number of new cases that occur during some time period
risk factors
conditions that increase the likelihood of developing the disorder
protective factors
conditions that decrease the likelihood of developing the disorder
what is the best way to study a casual relationship between two variables
experimental method
what is a manipulated variable or the thing the researcher has control over
independent variable
what is the dependent variable
variable being observed
what is the experimental method
a variable is manipulated and the manipulations impact on another variable is observed.
what is randomization
seeks to reduce the presnse of confounds and eliminates selection bias
allows experiment to be most accurate
what are confounds
variables other than the independent that influence outcome
what is clinical significant
how much change occured
what is statistical significant
did change occur
what is internal validity
ensuring change in the dependent can be attributed to the change of the independent
what is a control group
similar to experimental group in every way except treatment
what is an experimental group
receives treatment
