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Plant Biology > Exam 1 Content > Flashcards

Exam 1 Content Flashcards

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1
Q

How do plants grow?

A

1.) Production of new cells
2.) Cell enlargement

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2
Q

What do primary meristems do?

A

-Primary meristems generate new primary tissues at tips of roots and shoots (apical) and at site of new branches (auxiliary bud)

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3
Q

What do secondary meristems do?

A

-Secondary meristems increase girth of stems and roots

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4
Q

How do plants grow?

A

New stems and tissues

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5
Q

What are meristems?

A

Several layers of cells that generate tissues and make up organs

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6
Q

How do plant cells expand?

A

-increase amount of cytoplasm and number of organelles
-plant cells can take up a lot of water into central vacuole and expand cell walls
-expansion proteins unlock linkages between cell wall components allowing wall to stretch

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7
Q

Plant bodies contain…

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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8
Q

Plants grow by…

A

-production of new cells
-primary apical meristems: apical
-expansion of cells
-new materials
-water uptake

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9
Q

In ionic bonds…

A

-one atom gives up one or more electrons and becomes positively charged
-other atoms take electrons and become negatively charged
-attraction between oppositely charged ions is called ionic bond
-ex.) Na + Cl forms compound NaCl which can form ions Na+ and Cl-

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10
Q

In covalent bonds…

A

-form between atoms that share an electron; stronger than ionic bonds
-some atoms may share more than one pair of electrons
-double and triple bonds possible
-carbon has 4 electrons to share
-can share 2 electrons with oxygen atom or another carbon
-can form many different compounds

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11
Q

In hydrogen bonds…

A

-electrons shared between 2 atoms but atoms differ in size; electrons spend more time traveling around larger atom, so that part of molecule has partial (-) charge
-polar
-water molecules
-partial negative charge on one molecule is attracted to the partial (+) charge on another molecule; called hydrogen bond
-weak bonds
-important in determining characteristics of water
-maintaining correct structure of genetic material

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12
Q

Consequences of hydrogen bonding in water include…

A

-highly effective solvent- easily dissolve salts, many gases and polar organic compound
-cohesion- water molecules can be drawn from soil up through the roots and tree trunks to leaves to a height of 350 feet

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13
Q

Hydrophilic

A

-water-loving
-dissolve in water
-charged or polar

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14
Q

Hydrophobic

A

-water-hating
-don’t dissolve in water (often do in lipids)
-uncharged or non polar

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15
Q

In starch…

A

Alpha bonds C1 to C4

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16
Q

In cellulose…

A

Beta bonds C1 to C4

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17
Q

Characteristics of lipids include…

A

-fats and oils
-energy storage
-made from glycerol and fatty acids (long chains of CH2 groups)
-bends in the chain –> kinks –> don’t pack as tight –> liquid
-saturated fatty acid: all single bonds between C’s
-Monounsaturated: one double bond between C’s
-Polyunsaturated fatty acid: two or more double bonds between C’s
-fats contain mainly saturated fatty acids
-room temp: fats are solid and oils are liquid
-hydrophobic

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18
Q

Characteristics of proteins…

A

-large molecules made of 20 different amino acids
-most important role “machines” of the cell
-also some storage roles
-amino acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
-central carbon group (COOH), an amino group (NH2) and side chain (R)
-side chains (R) determine nature of AA
-hydrophobic, acidic (+), basic (-), polar
-small, large
-kinked
-Proteins tend to fold to expose hydrophilic groups and enclose hydrophobic groups in the interior

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19
Q

How do plants use secondary compounds?

A

-structural support
-entice animals to aid in reproduction (colors and odors)
-absorb harmful ultraviolet light
-distasteful and poisonous to animals and microbes that attack plants

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20
Q

Main types of plant secondary compounds…

A

-terpenes and terpenoids
-phenolics and flavinoids
-alkaloids

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21
Q

What is the function of the membrane?

A

-transport of water by osmosis- diffusion of water across cell membranes

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22
Q

Water moves into or out of cell depending on…

A

-concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) on both sides of the membrane
-pressure or physical force exerted on water

23
Q

Osmosis in isotonic solutions looks like…

A

-same solute concentration as inside cell
-some water will pass through membrane in each direction. Balanced.

24
Q

Osmosis in hypotonic solutions looks like…

A

-lower concentration of solutes (higher concentration of water) outside than inside the cell
-water diffuses into cell

25
Q

Osmosis in hypertonic solutions looks like…

A

-higher concentration of solutes (lower concentration of water) outside than inside the cell
-water diffuses out of the cell

26
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

pressure within cell from uptake of water

27
Q

Characteristics of isotonic solutions…

A

-solute -> same inside and outside
-water -> same inside and outside
-no water movement

28
Q

Characteristics of hypotonic solutions…

A

-solute -> low outside, high inside
-water -> high outside, low inside
-water diffuses in

29
Q

Characteristics of hypertonic solutions…

A

-solute -> high outside, low inside
-water -> low outside, high inside
-water diffuses out of cell

30
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

-phospholipid membranes in the cytoplasm

31
Q

What happened to proteins as they pass through the endomembrane system?

A

proteins are modified (secondary modifications)

32
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is…

A

-network of flattened membrane sacs and tubes

33
Q

The rough ER…

A

-has ribosomes on surface; ribosomes make proteins that will be secreted from cell

34
Q

The smooth ER…

A

-makes fatty acids and phospholipids; breaks down toxins

35
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

-stacked array of membrane sacs

36
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

-each membrane sac within the Golgi apparatus has enzymes for producing and modifying cell materials
-as chemicals are synthesized, part of the Golgi membrane pinches off to form a vesicle carrying the molecules where they’re needed

37
Q

Characteristics of a chloroplast…

A

-double membrane
-contain chlorophyll (pigment needed for hypothesis)
-cells may have 40-50

38
Q

Internal membranes (thylakoids) contain…

A

chlorophyll and other molecules important for photosynthesis

39
Q

What contains the other enzymes needed for photosynthesis?

A

watery stroma

40
Q

In the mitochondria…

A

– Folds of inner membrane (cristae) contain enzymes and other molecules important for energy metabolism
– Watery matrix contains other
enzymes for energy metabolism

41
Q

exergonic means…

A

reactions release energy

42
Q

endergonic means…

A

reactions require energy

43
Q

What are endergonic and exergonic reactions usually coupled with?

A

ATP (and other carriers)
– Energy is stored in bond between P groups

44
Q

How is ATP made?

A
  • Chemiosmosis
    – Use Electron Transport Chain to set up a proton
    gradient (H+)
  • ATP synthase protein captures energy as
    protons travel “downhill”
  • Uses energy to add P to ADP
  • Occurs in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
45
Q

Explain the electron transport chain.

A

-As electrons move down
chain energy is lowered
-Electron acceptors-
accept and lose
electrons
-Some energy given
off as heat and some
stored in ATP

46
Q

Photosynthesis is…

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
– 1-carbon units (CO2) going to 6-carbon units (glucose)
– Uses water, releases oxygen

– In Chloroplast thylakoids (internal membranes): Electron
Transport Chain, chemiosmosis, and phosphorylation using
ATP synthase
– In Chloroplast stroma: “C link-up reactions” (“fixation” or
“Calvin cycle”)

47
Q

Respiration is…

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6H2O + 6CO2
– 6-carbon units (glucose) going to 1-carbon units (CO2)
– Uses oxygen, releases water

In Cytoplasm and Mitochondria matrix: “Glucose Breakdown
Reactions”
– In Mitochondria cristae (internal membranes) Electron
Transport Chain, chemiosmosis, and phosphorylation using
ATP synthase

48
Q

what does the absorption of light do for photosynthesis?

A

Plants use visible light for photosynthesis
– right amount of energy to excite electrons in
organic molecules.
– Chlorophyll a absorbs light in the red and blue-
violet region and reflects green light
Chlorophyll a absorption

49
Q

What does Chlorophyll A do?

A
  • Chlorophyll A: light energy
    excites electrons in the ring
    structures
  • electrons jump to a higher
    energy level
50
Q

How is ATP synthesized in the chloroplast?

A
  • Photosystems and electron transport molecules are in
    the thylakoid membrane
  • As electrons pass down the electron transport chain,
    part of the energy is used to pump protons (H+) from
    stroma of chloroplast into the space inside the
    thylakoid membranes
  • Buildup of positive charges and acidity inside the
    thylakoid: an electrochemical gradient
  • the ATP synthase complex provides a channel for
    protons to flow back to the stroma and as they do,
    ATP molecules are made by adding phosphate to
    ADP.
51
Q

Explain carbon link-up (“Calvin cycle” or carbon fixation)

A
  • Enzymes and reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplast
  • CO2 molecules are hooked together through multiple reactions
  • Energy required to hook CO2 molecules together comes from
    energy carriers ATP and NADPH
    – Breaking the bond releases energy: ATP to ADP and NADPH to NAD
  • 6 turns of Calvin cycle, each using one CO2 , needed to
    produce 1 glucose.
52
Q

Explain the electron transport chain in mitochondria

A
  • Protein complexes containing electron carrier molecules in
    inner mitochondrial membranes
  • High energy electrons in come from Glucose breakdown
    reactions and are carried by NADH and FADH2
  • Electrons that have passed through Electron Transport Chain
    interact with O2 to from water.
    – Poisons which prevent oxygen from accepting electrons (such as
    cyanide) shut down the ETC and energy production.
  • As electrons passed along,
    – some energy released used to pump protons across the inner
    membrane of the mitochondria to the space between the inner and
    outer membranes
    – Sets up an electrochemical gradient similar to that in chloroplasts.
53
Q
A

Plant Biology (1 decks)

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