Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personality Theory > Exam 1 content > Flashcards

Exam 1 content Flashcards

1
Q

What do we mean by personality?

A

An individual’s unique way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Deeply ingrained patterns of behavior that evolve from a combination of innate and learned tendencies which are modified by life experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does evolve mean?

A

to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

it is the scientific study of individual differences: identifying ways in which people are similar and different, and explaining how they became that way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What shapes personality?

A

Intrapsychic, self, biological, environmental, trait, humanistic/spiritual, cognitive, and interactionist aspects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does intrapsychic aspect mean?

A

the complex internal workings of the mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of intrapsychic aspects?

A

i. Instinctive/unconscious influences
ii. Freud’s Psychoanalytic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does “self” aspect mean?

A

factors that provide a sense of identity or self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some examples of “self” aspects?

A

i. Self-concept, self esteem
ii. Self-regulation
iii. Self-management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does biological aspect mean?

A

the influences of physiology and genetics on personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some examples of biological aspects?

A

i. Genetics and temperament
ii. Twin studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does environmental aspect mean?

A

ways personality is shaped by experience and environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an example of environmental aspects?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does cognitive aspect mean?

A

how people interpret the world around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some examples of cognitive aspects?

A

Attitudes, mindsets, and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does trait aspect mean?

A

personality is made up of a collection of characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of trait aspects?

A

conceptualizing individual differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does humanistic/spiritual aspects mean?

A

human dimension that seeks enlightenment and happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of humanistic/spiritual aspects?

A

i. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
ii. Existentialism and humanism
iii. Positive psychology and spirituality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does interactionist aspect mean?

A

behavior is an interaction between a person and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some examples of interactionist aspects?

A

i. Power of the situation; meaning comes from interaction.
ii. Interactionist research; gender ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do we measure personality?

A

Through objective and subjective measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are objective measures?

A

true/correct no matter who is saying it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are subjective measures?

A

from the perspective or interpretation of the person making the observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are self-report tests?

A

the most common questionnaire where individuals rate themselves on descriptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is date corruption from response sets?

A

our tendency to respond to certain questions in a way that portraits is in an acceptable way, rather than how they are in fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is MMPI?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the projective hypothesis?

A

when individuals impose meaning and order on ambiguous stimuli, their responses tend to reflect their feelings, attitudes, desires and needs
-less subject to faking, but prone to subjective interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is word association?

A

look for patterns, themes, and blockages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is sentence completion?

A

open ended sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is drawing/creative tests?

A

draw-a-person, clay, paints, dolls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are picture tests?

A

TAT( Thematic Appreciation Test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Who invented inkblots?

A

Herman Rorschach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the inkblot test scored?

A

By:
-Location:
o where on the blot was the percept seen? Whole or part?
-Determinant:
o what feature of the blot determined the response? Shape? Color? Texture? Movement?
-Form Quality:
o does the percept match properties of the inkblot? Can therapist see what subject sees?
-Content:
o what was the percept? Human or animal? Emotional component-happy, sad, or frightening?
-Originality:
o how frequently was the percept seen in normative sample? Common or unique?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are early recollections by Alfred Adler?

A

try to recall your earliest memory:
o Who is present? Who is not present?
o What is the world like? Friendly? Hostile? Unfamiliar?
o What is your role or behavior? Active? Passive?
o What is the outcome? Success? Failure?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is intrapsychic?

A

-view of personality development that emphasizes driving forces within people that determine behavior and interpersonal relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are aspects of personality?

A

o Instincts, drives, biological urges (especially sex)
o Unconscious needs/anxieties/motives/defenses
o Past experiences that have been forgotten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When was Sigmund Freud alive?

A

1856-1939

38
Q

What are the theories or influences of Freud?

A

o Influences of western culture
o Comprehensive theory
o Father of clinical psychology
o Studies on Hysteria (written with Josef Breuer)
o Talking about problems could bring about catharsis.

39
Q

What is Freud’s topography of the mind using an iceberg?

A

-Conscious
-preconscious
-unconscious

40
Q

What is the conscious topography of the human mind according to Freud?

A

Thoughts and perceptions

41
Q

What is the preconscious topography of the human mind according to Freud?

A

Memories and stored knowledge

42
Q

What is the unconscious topography of the human mind according to Freud?

A
  • Fears
  • Unacceptable sexual desires
  • Violent motives
  • Irrational wishes
  • Immoral urges
  • Selfish needs
  • Shameful and traumatic experiences
43
Q

What is Freud’s structure of the mind?

A

-Id (the it)
-Superego (the Over-I)
-Ego (the I)

44
Q

What is Id?

A

irrational and emotional
-follows pleasure principle to gratify urges

45
Q

What is Superego?

A

moralistic. Rule-oriented conscience

46
Q

What is Ego?

A

Rational. Uses reality principle to bring balance.

47
Q

What thoughts take place in the conscious mind?

A

Ego and Superego

48
Q

What thoughts take place in the unconscious mind?

A

Id, parts of Ego, and parts of Superego.

49
Q

What is Hysteria?

A
  • Physical symptoms have an unconscious psychological origin
50
Q

What is Catharsis?

A
  • Release of bottled-up emotions caused by buried memories
51
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, the latency period, and the genital stage.

52
Q

What are the oral stage behavior types?

A

o Taking in (greedy)
o Biting (aggressive)
o Holding on (stingy)
o Closing (aloof)
o Spitting out (picky, critical)

53
Q

What ages are affected by the oral stage?

A

0-2

54
Q

What ages are affected by the anal stage?

A

2-4

55
Q

How is the anal stage defined?

A

Anal retentive vs. anal expulsive

56
Q

When does the anal stage happen?

A

during toilet training

57
Q

What ages is the phallic stage affected by?

A

4-7

58
Q

What are the behavior prototypes of the phallic stage?

A

overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive

59
Q

What is associated with the phallic stage according to Freud?

A

Oedipus complex

60
Q

What are the behavior prototypes of the latency period?

A

-Immaturity and inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult.
-focus on peer relationships

61
Q

What ages does the latency period occur?

A

7-12

62
Q

What is the genital stage regarded as?

A

Sexual awakening

63
Q

During what period of a child’s life does the genital stage occur?

A

Puberty

64
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A
  • Compensation
  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Identification
  • introjection
  • projection
  • reaction formation
  • rationalization
  • regression
  • repression
  • ritual and undoing
  • sublimation
65
Q

What is compensation?

A

disliking an aspect of ourselves and making efforts to compensate for it

66
Q

What is denial?

A

refusing to accept a painful reality, facts or something about ourselves

67
Q

What is displacement?

A

directing strong feelings/ emotions onto a person or object that doesn’t feel threatening

68
Q

What is identification?

A

(Un)conscious modeling of another person’s values, attitudes, or behaviors

69
Q

What is introjection?

A

conforming/ accepting standards to be true to avoid scrutiny

70
Q

What is projection?

A

Projecting faults and negative self-beliefs or concepts onto others

71
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

adopting behaviors or feelings that are exactly the opposite of one’s true emotions

72
Q

What is rationalization?

A

justifying a behavior by presenting reasons which sound logical

73
Q

What is regression?

A

retreating to infantile defenses and behaviors so life feels less threatening

74
Q

What is repression?

A

(Un)consciously pushing feelings or thoughts away in order to not feel them

75
Q

What is ritual and undoing?

A

Trying to undo a behavior by masking it with a positive one

76
Q

When was Carl Jung alive?

A

1875-1961

77
Q

What did Carl Jung believe?

A

-Believed humans have a unique personal unconscious and a shared collective unconscious
-certain ideas common to all cultures: God, Satan, fear of the dark, religion, family, government, military
-Proposed that personality is made up of two attitudes and four functions

78
Q

What are the two attitudes that personality are made up of according to Carl Jung?

A

introversion vs. extraversion

79
Q

What are the four functions that personality are made up of according to Carl Jung?

A

-thinking vs feeling
-sensing vs intuiting

80
Q

What are the three general periods of development according to Jung?

A

Childhood, first half of life, and second half of life

81
Q

What are Adler’s key concepts of how personality is formed?

A

three basic life tasks, social interest, goal-directed and purposeful behavior, feelings of inferiority, striving superiority, and fictional finalism

82
Q

What are the three basic life tasks?

A

work, friendship, and love or intimacy

83
Q

What is social interest?

A

a sense of community and one’s attitude toward others

84
Q

What is goal-directed and purposeful behavior?

A

all behaviors are a result of out goals

85
Q

What are feelings of inferiority?

A

relying totally on others in early life causes us to fell inferior

86
Q

What is striving for superiority?

A

an attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority

87
Q

What is fictional finalism?

A

beliefs, goals, and ideals held by the individual that give meaning to their actions and attribute significance to their life. Behavior is guided by these “fictions,” not necessarily attached to reality. (ex. Heaven and hell)

88
Q

What are some of Adler’s beliefs?

A

o Contributing to others was how the individual feels a sense of worth and belonging in the family and society
o Believed the source of human striving was to compensate for feelings of inferiority
o Early interaction with family members, peers and adults help to determine the role of inferiority and superiority in life
o An inability to compensate effectively can lead to an inferiority complex, which can result in extreme helplessness or excessive achievement
o Proposed that birth order strongly influence personality

89
Q

How is the proposed birth order strongly influencing personality?

A

 Firstborn: protective, authoritarian, nostalgic
 2nd born: competitive, ambitious, rebellious
 Youngest: pampered, but most likely to go own way

90
Q

When was Karen Horney alive?

A

1885-1952

91
Q

What does Karen Horney believe?

A

Focused on feminine psychology. Felt that nurturing relationships are important or people fell insecure

Personality Theory (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions