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Exam 1 Community Flashcards

1
Q

What are major changes in healthcare in the 21st century?

A
  • development of patient centered care
  • increased use of technology
  • increased personal responsibility
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2
Q

What are the 3 core functions of the governments role in healthcare?

A
  • assess healthcare problems
  • intervenes by developing policy that provides access to services
  • ensures that services are delivered and outcomes are achieved
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3
Q

What is health information technology?

A

it is the comprehensive management of health information and its exchange between consumers, providers, government, and insurers in a secure manner (i.e.: EHR)

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4
Q

What is telehealth?

A

it is the use electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long distance clinical healthcare, patient and professional health-related education, public health and health administration

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5
Q

What is the personal responsibility for health?

A

active participation in ones own health by education and lifestyle changes

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6
Q

who is the patient in public health nursing?

A

the population

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7
Q

what is the primary obligation in public health nursing?

A

to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people

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8
Q

What is the priority when selecting appropriate activities?

A

primary prevention

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the US department of health and human services?

A
  • to enhance the health and well-being of all Americans by providing for effective health and human services by fostering sound, sustained advanced in the sciences underlying medicine, public health and social services.
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10
Q

Examples of state and local health departments

A

WIC (women infant and children), medicare/medicaid

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11
Q

What are policies?

A

a set of principles that govern an action to achieve a given outcome, guidelines that direct individuals behavior toward specific goal - deliberate course action chosen by an individual/group to confront problems

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12
Q

What is a health policy?

A

a policy that has an impact on the health of an individual/family/population/community and is created by the government/institution/professional associations

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13
Q

What is a public health policy?

A

a set of policies that has a health related mission and impact on the health and well being of the population

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14
Q

What are politics?

A

it is the process of influencing that allocation of resources needed to enable policies and involves that strategies needed to achieved the desired goals

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15
Q

What year was there political involvement of nurses?
What year was a big year for advocacy? What year(s) were nurses included in healthcare policy formation?

A

Mid 70s- early 80s
1976
90s

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16
Q

What is the national league for nurses?

A

for faculty nurses and leaders in nursing education

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17
Q

What is the International council of nurses?

A

works to ensure quality nursing care for all,

sound health policies globally, the advancement of nursing knowledge, and the presence worldwide of respected nursing profession and a competent and satisfied nursing workforce across the globe

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18
Q

What is the social policy statement?

A

it is a contract between nursing profession and society to uphold the highest values and standards of nursing care

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19
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being not merely the absence of disease

  • a quality, an ability to adapt to change, or a resource to help cope with challenges and processes of daily living
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20
Q

What is public health?

A

it is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts

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21
Q

What is global health?

A

it is health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions

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22
Q

Noncommunicable vs Communicable disease definition

A

noncommunicable: noninfectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person - aka chronic disease (i.e.: cancer, DM)

communicable: infectious diseases or transmissible diseases (i.e.: TB, hepatitis, Flu)

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23
Q

What is the definition of well-being?

A

a subjective perception of full function ability as a human being

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24
Q

What are the healthy people 2030 initiatives?

A
  • identifies public health priorities to help individuals, organizations, and communities across the US improve health and well-being. Healthy People 2030 the initiative fifth iteration, builds on the knowledge gained over the first 4 decades
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25
Q

Healthy People 2030 is designed to achieve two primary goals:

A
  • increase quality and years of healthy life
  • eliminate any barriers to accessing care, specifically health disparities
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26
Q

What is the definition and intent of primary prevention?

A
  • it is an intervention implemented BEFORE there is evidence of disease or injury
  • the intent is to reduce or eliminate causative risk factors (risk reduction)
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27
Q

What is the definition and intent of secondary prevention?

A
  • it is an intervention implemented AFTER a disease has begun, but before it is symptomatic
  • the intent is to allow for early identification (through screening and tx)
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28
Q

What is the definition and intent of tertiary prevention?

A
  • it is an intervention implemented after a disease or injury is established
  • the intent is to prevent the disease progression
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29
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

it is testing correctly to identify persons who have the disease

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30
Q

High vs low sensitivity

A

high sensitivity: true positive (people who have the disease and test positive)
low sensitivity: false negative (people who have the disease but test negative)

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31
Q

What is Specificity?

A

it is testing to identify persons who do not have the disease

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32
Q

High vs Low Specificity

A

High Specificity: true negative (people who do not have the disease and test negative)
Low Specificity: false positive (people who do not have the disease but test positive)

33
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

patient-centered communication style for eliciting (motivating) behavior change by helping patients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence to change

34
Q

What are behavior change models?

A

models that assist patients, groups, and communities to redirect activities toward health and wellness
(i.e.: AA)

35
Q

What are learning theories?

A

a behavior change model emphasizing reinforcement of social competence, problem-solving, autonomy, and a sense of purpose
- reinforcement is used as a motivation

36
Q

What is a health belief model?

A
  • a behavior change model that considers the severity of the potential illness or physical challenge, the level of conceivable susceptibility, the benefits of taking preventative action, and the challenges that may be faced in taking action toward the goal of health promotion
  • uses cues to remind people of healthy behaviors
37
Q

What is the transtheoretical model?

A
  • it is a sequential approach to behavior change that uses timely readiness of the learner
  • five stages progress
    pre-contemplation (no screening program scheduled and no intention to schedule screening)
    contemplation (no screening program scheduled with intent to start the program soon)
    preparation (no definite screening but have taken steps to develop program)
    Action (a developed screening program and intent to sustain the program)
    Maintenance (have had the program for a while and intend to continue)
    Relapse (had a program, does not have a program currently, does not intend to be active with the program soon)
38
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action?

A

a behavior model that emphasizes the individual performance of a given behavior is primarily determined by a person’s intention/attitude to perform that behavior

39
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

a behavior change model that considers environmental influences, personal factors and behavior as key components of change
- a person must believe in his/her capability to perform the behavior as well as perceive an incentive to do so

40
Q

What are the theories of social support?

A

family members, friends, neighbors, and adjacent communities influencing change by offering instrumental assistance, informational support, emotional support and or appraising support

41
Q

Ecologic Model

A
  • this theory argues that the environment you grow up in effects every facet of your life
42
Q

what is health literacy?

A

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate decision

43
Q

Who is John Grant?

A

founded the study of human populations; demography
- better understanding of illnesses that lead to disease

44
Q

What is the epidemiologic triad?

A
  • based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the host, agent, and the environment
45
Q

What is the wheel of causation?

A

this model de-emphasizes the agent as the sole cause of disease - it emphasizes the interplay of the social environment, the physical, and the biologic

46
Q

What is the web of causation?

A

is the relationship between multiple different factors that all contribute to the cause of a disease

47
Q

What is the natural history of disease?

A

refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time

48
Q

What is a rate?

A

it is the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period

49
Q

What is a crude rate?

A

it is the measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population

50
Q

What is the adjusted rate?

A

a statistical procedure that removed the effects of differences in the composition of a population such as age when comparing don’t to another

51
Q

What is an incidence rate?

A

a measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a time (risk)

52
Q

what is a prevalence rate?

A

measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition (actual)

53
Q

What are mortality rate?

A

dealth rates

54
Q

What is incidence density?

A

use of a person time denominator is the calculation of rates

55
Q

What is an attributable risk?

A

it is the difference between incidence rates in an exposed group and unexposed group

56
Q

What is the relative risk ratio?

A

it is the ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the nonexposed group

57
Q

Medicare vs Medicaid

A

Medicare: elderly (>65) and disabled
Medicaid: income driven (any age)

58
Q

Who sets our scope of practice and what is our scope?

A

our scope is what we are deemed legally competent to do (with the publication of Public Health Nursing: Scope and standards of practice)
American Nurses Association sets our scope

59
Q

Who is Mary Breckinridge?

A
  • 1st midwifery program
  • frontier nursing program
  • family oriented health for women and children
  • typical patient: pregnant woman
60
Q

Who is Clara Barton?

A

American red cross
treaty of geneva

61
Q

Who is Dorothea Dix?

A

advocated for better conditions in prisons and mental institutions

62
Q

Who is Lemuel Shattuck?

A

established birth and death records
Shattuck Report: illness is r/t unsanitary conditions

63
Q

What is the affordable care act?

A

enacted 2010 to give low income people access to affordable health care

64
Q

What are health disparities?

A
  • gaps in healthcare
  • racial/ethnic differences r/t to healthcare not r/t clinical needs
65
Q

What is the world health organization?

A

members (countries) share knowledge that is to be shared with the rest of the world on how to fight diseases - I.e.: COVID regulations

66
Q

Who is Jon Snow?

A

father of epidemiology
studied the outbreak of cholera on broad street in london
established spot maps

67
Q

Who is William Farr?

A

1st medical statistician
compared death rates based on occupation and gender
responsible for modern stats

68
Q

Who is Lillian Wald?

A
  • henry street settlement
  • public health nursing on henry street (fee-based; what you could afford to pay)
  • became visiting nurses association
69
Q

What is a major health problem in the 21st century?

A

access to healthcare

70
Q

What are the Elizabethan (English) Poor Laws (1601)? What are they similar to?

A

everyone had to work and contribute to taxes
- similar to Medicaid

71
Q

What is the minimum education level to be a public health nurse?

A

bachelors

72
Q

What are economics?

A

how money/resources are allocated

73
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

social conditions in which people live and work

74
Q

What is Public Health Nursing?

A
  • population-based
  • synthesis of nursing and public health within the context of preventing disease/disability and promoting/protecting the health of the entire community
75
Q

What is evidence-based nursing?

A

the use of the best evidence available with clinical expertise and values of the patient to increase the quality of care

76
Q

What is evidence based public health?

A

public health endeavor with judicious use of evidence derived from a broad variety of science and social science research

77
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

the study of the distribution patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population

78
Q

What is a health indicator?

A

a measure of health in a specific population

79
Q

What are the four steps in policymaking?

A

adoption, implementation, agenda and modifying it

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