Exam 1 - CNS

Question 1

Components of central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Components of peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

cranial nerves (12 pairs)
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
ganglia
motor and sensory nerve endings

Question 3

Bones of the skull

Answer 3

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone (wedge that spans width of skull)

Question 4

Parts of a vertebrae

Answer 4

Vertebral body
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Vertebral canal (has spinal cord and meninges)

Question 5

Cranial meninges

Answer 5

Dura mater (tough outer covering)
a. Falx cerebri (between 2 cerebral hemispheres)
b. tentorium cerebelli (2 horizontally between occiptal lobe/cerebellum)
Arachnoid mater (web-like covering)
Pia mater (microscopic)

Question 6

Vertebral column

Answer 6

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacrum
3-4 coccyx

Question 7

Places where fluid can be found in brain

Answer 7

Epidural space (arterial blood between dura mater/skull)
subdural space (veinous blood between dura mater/arachnoid)
subarachnoid space (filled with CSF between arachnoid/pia)

Question 8

Spinal meninges

Answer 8

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia matter

Question 9

Places where fluid can be found in spinal cord

Answer 9

Epidural space (filled with adipose)
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)

Question 10

Ventricular system

Answer 10

CSF
Choroid plexus (makes CSF)
Lateral ventricles x2
Intraventricular foramen (of Monro)
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle

Question 11

Gray matter

Answer 11

Neuron cell bodies
Cerebral cortex (deep in brainstem)
Inner spinal cord
Ganglia (collections of neurons outside CNS)

Question 12

White matter

Answer 12

Neuron processes
outer spinal cord

Question 13

Spinal cord

Answer 13

Cauda equina (nerve roots within vertebral canal)

Question 14

Basic components of the brain

Answer 14

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon (thalamus to relay sensory info and hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis)
Cerebellum (balance and posture)
Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
Corpus callosum (neuron bundle)

Question 15

Sulcus, fissure, gyrus

Answer 15

sulcus (slit)
fissure (furrow)
gyrus (elevated surface)

Question 16

Major fissures of the brain

Answer 16

Longitudinal fissure
Lateral fissure
Central sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Calcarine fissure

Question 17

Frontal lobe

Answer 17

has precentral gyrus and sulcus
cognitive function, movement and speech

Question 18

Parietal lobe

Answer 18

has postcentral gyrus and sulcus
somatosensation (touch, temp, vibration, body position, pain)

Question 19

Temporal lobe

Answer 19

hearing

Question 20

Occipital lobe

Answer 20

vision

Question 21

Limbic lobe

Answer 21

in temporal lobe
emotions, memory

Question 22

Arterial supply to the brain

Answer 22

Posterior (two vertebral a. form basilar a.)
Anterior (internal carotid a. form anterior cerebral a. to supply medial surface and middle cerebral a. to supply lateral surface)

Question 23

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 23

• homeostasis
• flight or flight
• reproduction

Targets cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

Question 24

Cranial Nerves

Answer 24

CN I (olfactory bulb) smell
CN II (optic) vision
CN III (oculomotor) muscles of eyes
CN IV (trochlear) muscles of eyes
in midbrain

CN VI (abducent) muscles of eyes
CN VII (facial) taste
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) hearing and balance
in pons

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) taste
CN X (vagus) taste
in medulla

Question 25

Parts of a neuron

Answer 25

Dendrites
soma
axon hillock
axon
axon terminal

Question 26

Neuronal subtypes (poles)

Answer 26

unipolar (not in humans)
psuedounipolar
bipolar
multipolar

Question 27

Neuronal function

Answer 27

somatic (outer surfaces like skin)
visceral (internal organs)

afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)

Question 28

Glial cell types

Answer 28

astrocytes (support BBB, establish synapses, recycle NTs)
Schwann cells (myelinate PNS)
oligodendrocytes (myelinate CNS)
ependymal cells (line ventricles to circulate CSF)
microglia (phagocytic)

Question 29

Organization of nerves

Answer 29

epineurium (outermost nerve covering)
perineurium (divides nerves into fascicles)
endoneurium (surrounds individual nerve fibers)
ganglia (collections of neuron cell bodies outside CNS)
nuclei (deep cell bodies in white matter)

Question 30

Learning & memory parts of the brain

Answer 30

Frontal cortex (cognitive fxn and emotional control)
Hypothalamus (primitive emotional responses)

Hippocampus (spatial memory)
Amygdala (emotional memory)

Prefrontal cortex

Question 31

Synaptic plasticity

Answer 31

the cellular model for learning and memory
(need to look @ webcast)

Question 32

Acetylcholine

Answer 32

S acetyl CoA + choline
E on cholinergic receptors
nicotinic receptor (fast, ligand gated sodium channel)
muscarinic (slow)
D reuptake of choline into synapse is rate-limiting

Question 33

Glutamate

Answer 33

S (Gln glutaminase to Glu)
E on glutamatergic receptors
AMPA (Na+ conducted, EPSP, info flow in CNS)
NMDA (glutamate to bind and depolarization to open, long-term memory)
D (enter glial cell Glu to Gln)

Question 34

GABA

Answer 34

S (glutamate GAD67 to GABA)
E (ionotropic, Cl- conducted to make IPSP, site allosteric to sedatives)
D (recycled b/w glial cell and synapse)

Question 35

Biogenic amines

Answer 35

have modulatory effects
metabotropic

S
Tyr - LDOPA - dopamine - norepi - epi
His - histamine
Trp - serotonin

MonoAmine Transporter (MAT) puts serotonin into vesicle

E Ca2+ increases in cell, causes depolarization to release serotonin
D Serotonin transport into synapse, MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO) degrades Ser