Exam 1 Clinical aspects

Question 1

ACH receptor sites on the sarcolemma are damaged/destroyed. Autoimmune disorder which can produce hyperplasia of the thymus or thymoma

Answer 1

myasthenia gravis

Question 2

a drug that is able to compete with ACH in binding to ACH receptor sites

Answer 2

Nicotine

Question 3

Neurotoxins prevent ACH from binding to the ACH receptor sites.

Answer 3

Snake Venom

Question 4

Inactivate the ACHe which leads to an accumulation of ACH at post synaptic portion

Answer 4

organophosphates

Question 5

toxin blocks the release of ACH from the presynaptic portion

Answer 5

Botulin Toxin

Question 6

Ossification which is defective, often hereditary. Leads to a missing/abnormally formed clavicle or bones of the skull.

Answer 6

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

Question 7

Condition which results in an undescended scapula due to its attachment to the upper cervical vertebrae

Answer 7

Sprengel’s Deformity

Question 8

Failure of the Acromion process to fuse with the rest of the bone

Answer 8

Os Acromidae

Question 9

benign painful cysts of the breast tissue

Answer 9

Chronic cystic mastitis (fibrocystic disease)

Question 10

nipple discharge not associated with pregnancy

Answer 10

galactorrhea

Question 11

development of breast tissue in males which can be due to anabolic steroids

Answer 11

gynecomastia

Question 12

absence of the pectoralis major and minor, atrophy of mammary glands, and absence of several ribs

Answer 12

Poland’s syndrome

Question 13

injury which stretches the upper roots and will lead to a disabled the shoulder

Answer 13

Erb Duchenne Palsy

Question 14

Injury with stretches the lower roots and leads to a disabled hand

Answer 14

Klumpke’s Palsy

Question 15

extra nipples which may or may not be associated with mammary glands

Answer 15

supranumerary nipples

Question 16

retracted nipples which if is recent can be any underlying carcinoma

Answer 16

inverted nipples