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Genetics > Exam 1-Chs 2-7 > Flashcards

Exam 1-Chs 2-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous pair

A
  • A pair of chromosomes that are alike in structure and size
  • Carry genetic info for the same set of hereditary characteristics
  • 1 Chromosome of a homologous pair is inherited from male parent, 1 from female parent
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2
Q

Diploid

A

-Possessing 2 sets of chromosomes (2 genomes)

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3
Q

Haploid

A

-Possessing a single set of chromosomes (1 genome)

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4
Q

Polyploid

A

-Possession of more than 2 sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

Centromere

A
  • Constricted region on a chromosome that stains less strongly than rest of chromosome
  • Serves as attachment point for spindle microtubules
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6
Q

Telomeres

A

-Stable end of a euaryotic chromosome

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7
Q

Sister Chromatids

A
  • Two copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere
  • Each chromatid consists of a single DNA molecule
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8
Q

Cell cycle

A

-Stages through which a cell passes through from one cell division to the next

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9
Q

Checkpoints

A

-A key transition point at which progression to the next stage in the cell cycle is regulated

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10
Q

Interphase

A
  • Major phase of cell cycle btwn cell divisions

- Cell grows, develops, and prepares for cell division

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11
Q

M (mitotic) phase

A
  • Major phase of cell cycle that encompases active cell divisions
  • Includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
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12
Q

Mitosis

A

-Process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides

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14
Q

Prophase

A
  • Stage of mitosis in which:
    1. Chromosomes contract and become visible
    2. Cytoskeleton breaks down
    3. Mitotic spindles begin to form
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15
Q

Condensins

A
  • A group of proteins that bind to chromosomes as a cell enters prophase, causing the chromosome to become more compact and visible under a light microscope
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16
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Stage of mitosis
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Spindle mictrotubules attach to chromosomes
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17
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Stage of mitosis

- Chromosomes aligh in middle of cell (metaphase plate)

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18
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Stage of mitosis

- chromatids separate and move toward spindle poles

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19
Q

Telophase

A
  • Stage of mitosis
  • chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
  • Chromosomes relax and lengthen
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20
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Process by which the chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell divide to give rise to haploid reproductive cells
  • Meiosis 1 and 2
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21
Q

Fertilization

A

-Fusion of gametes (sex cells) to form zygote

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22
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Stage in meiosis 1
  • Chromosomes condense and pair
  • Crossing over takes place
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Mitotic spindles form
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23
Q

Synapsis

A

-Close pairing of homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

Crossing Over

A

-Exchange of genetic material btwn homologous chromosomes but nonsister chromatids

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25
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Stage of meiosis I

- Homologous pairs of chromosomes align at metaphase plate (center of cell)

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26
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Stage of meiosis I

- Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards spindle poles

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27
Q

Telophase I

A
  • Stage of meiosis I

- Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles

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28
Q

Interkinesis

A

-Between meiosis I and II

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29
Q

Prophase II

A
  • Stage of meiosis after interkenesis
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Spindles form
  • *Some cells skip this stage
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30
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • Stage of meiosis II

- Individual chromosomes align in the center of the cell

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31
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • Stage of meiosis II

- Chromatids sepearate and move towards spindle poles

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32
Q

Telophase II

A
  • Stage of meiosis II

- Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles

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33
Q

Recombination

A

-Process that produces new combinations of alleles of a chromatid

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34
Q

Cohesin

A
  • Molecule that holds the two sister chromatids of a chromosome together
  • Breakdown at centromeres enables chromatids to separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II
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35
Q

Genotype

A

-Set of alleles possessed by an individual organism

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36
Q

Homozygous

A

-Having two identical alleles at a locus

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37
Q

Heterozygous

A

-Having 2 non-identical alleles at a locus

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38
Q

Phenotype

A

-Appearance or manifestation of a characteristic

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39
Q

Monohybrid crosses

A
  • A cross btwn individuals that are homozygous for diff alleles at same locus
  • Also refers to cross btwn two individuals that are heterozygous for 2 alleles at single locus
  • Differ in one characteristic
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40
Q

P (Parental) Generation

A

-1st set of parents in a genetic cross

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41
Q

F1 (First filial) Generation

A

-Offspring of the initial parents (P) in a genetic cross

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42
Q

Reciprocal crosses

A
  • Pair of crosses in which the phenotype of the male and female parents are reversed
  • Ex: cross w/ tall male and short female, another cross with short male and tall female
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43
Q

F2 (2nd filial) generation

A
  • Offspring of F1 gen. in a genetic cross

- 3rd gen. of genetic cross

44
Q

Principle of segregation

A
  • Principle of heredity discovered by Mendel
  • Each diploid individual possesses 2 alleles at locus
  • 2 alleles separate when gametes are formed, one allele goes to each gamete
45
Q

Back cross

A

-Crosses btwn 1 F1 individual and 1 P individual

46
Q

Probability

A
  • Liklihood of the occurence of a particular event
  • # of times a particular event occurs/ # of possible outcomes
  • Ranges 0-1
47
Q

Multiplication Rule

A

-Rule stating that the probability of 2 or more independent events occuring together is calculated by multiplying the probability of each of the individual events

48
Q

Addition rule

A

-Ruel stating the probability of any 2 or more mutually exclusive events occuring is calculated by adding probabilities of the individual events

49
Q

Conditional Probability

A

-Probability that is modified by additional info that another event has occured

50
Q

Testcross

A

-Cross btwn an individual w/ an unknown genotype and an individual w/ the homozygous recessive genotype

51
Q

Wild type

A

-The trait or allele that is most commonly found in natural populations

52
Q

Dihybrid crosses

A
  • Crosses btwn 2 individuals that differ in 2 characteristics
  • Ex: cross btwn individuals that are homozygous for diff alleles at 2 loci OR cross btwn 2 individuals that are heterozygous at 2 loci
53
Q

Principles of Independent Assortment

A
  • Principle of heredity discovered by Mendel
  • Genes encoding diff characteristics (genes at diff loci) separate independently
  • Applies only to genes located on diff chromosomes or genes far apart on same chromosome
54
Q

Chi^2

A

x^2= sum [(observed-expected)^2/expected]
Independent assortment: DF= n-1
Crossover-
–Df= (# of rows-1)x (#of columns-1)
-Expected= (row totalx column total)/ grand total

55
Q

Hemizygous

A
  • Possession of a single allele at a locus

- Males of X-X/X-Y determination are hemizygous for x-linked loci bcuz only have 1 X chromosome

56
Q

Nondisjunction

A

-Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis or mitosis

57
Q

Dosage Compensation

A
  • Equalization in males and females of the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes
  • In placental mammals, accomplished by random inactivation of one x-chromsome in cells of females
58
Q

Barr bodies

A

-Inactive X chromosome that appears as a condensed, darkly stained structure in most cells of female placental mammals

59
Q

Pedigree

A

-Pictorial representation of a family history outlining the inheritance of one or more traits or diseases

60
Q

Proband

A

-A person having a trait or disease who a pedigree is constructed

61
Q

Consanguinity

A

-Mating btwn relatives

62
Q

Genetic mosaics

A

-Condition in which regions of tissue w/in single individual have diff chromosome constitutions

63
Q

Complete Dominance

A
  • Type of dominance
  • Same phenotype is expressed in homozygous and heterozygotes
  • Only dom allele is expressed
64
Q

Incomplete dominance

A
  • Type of dom

- Phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate btwn phenotype of 2 homozygotes

65
Q

Codominance

A

-Type of allelic interaxction in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses traits of both homozygotes

66
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

-A case in which some individuals possess the genotype for a trait but do not express the expected phenotype

67
Q

Penetrance

A

-% of individuals w a particular genotype that express the phenotype expected of that genotype

68
Q

Lethal Allele

A
  • Allele that causes death of an individual organism
  • Early in development
  • Organism does not appear in progeny of genetic cross
  • Recessive lethal allele kills homozygous recessive, dom lethal allele kills heterozygotes and homozygotes
69
Q

Compound Heterozygote

A

-An individual w/ two diff recessive alleles at locus that result in a recessive phenotype

70
Q

Gene Interaction

A

-Interaction btwn genes at diff loci that affect the same characteristics

71
Q

Epistasis

A

-Type of gene in which gene at one locus masks or supresses the effects of a gene at a diff locus

72
Q

Epistatic gene

A

-Genes that mask or supress the effect of a gene at diff locus

73
Q

Hypostatic gene

A

-Gene that is masked by the action of a gene at a diff locus

74
Q

Complementation test

A
  • Test designed to determine whether 2 diff mutations at the same locus (allelic) or a diff locus (nonallelic)
  • Two individuals who are homozygous for 2 diff mutations are crossed, producing F1 progeny that are heterozygous for the mutation
  • If mutation at same locus= f1 mutant phenotype
  • If at same locus= wildtype
75
Q

Complementation

A

-Manifestation of 2 diff mutations in the heterozygous conditions as the wild-type phenotype; indicates that the mutations are at diff loci

76
Q

Sex-influenced characteristics

A
  • Characteristics encoded by autosomal genes that are more radically expressed in one sex
  • Ex: autosomal dom gene may have higher penetrance in males than females, or gene is dom in males and recessive in females
77
Q

Sex-limited characteristics

A
  • Characteristics encoded by autosomal genes and expressed in only 1 sex
  • Both males and females carry genes for sex-limited characteristics, but the characteristics appear in only one of the sexes
78
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance

A
  • Inheritance of characteristics encoded by genes located in cytoplasm
  • Most cytoplasmically inherited characteristics are inherited from 1 parent bcuz usually contributed by 1 parent
  • Usually inherited from mother
79
Q

Genetic maternal effect

A

-determination of the phenotype of an offspring not by its own genotype, but the nuclear genotype of its mother

80
Q

genomic imprinting

A

-Differential expression of a gene that depends on the sex of the parent that transmitted the gene

81
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • Phenomena due to alterations in dna that do not include changes in the base sequence
  • Often affect the way in which dna sequences are expressed
  • Such alterations are often stable and heritable in the sense that they are passed to decendant cells or individuals
82
Q

Temp-sensitive allele

A

-Allele that is expressed only at certain temps

83
Q

Phenocopy

A

-Phenotype produced by environmental effects that is the same as the phenotype produced by a genotype

84
Q

Discontinous characteristics

A
  • Characteristics that exhibit only a few, easily distinguished phenotypes
  • Ex: seeds being either round or wrinkled
85
Q

Continuous characteristics

A
  • Characterisitics that display large # of possible phenoytypes that are not easily distinguished
  • Ex: human height
  • or is encoded 4 multiple genetic factors
  • Quantitative characteristics
86
Q

Polygenetic characteristics

A
  • Characteristics encoded by genes at many loci

- aka mutliple genes 4 one characteristic

87
Q

Pleiotropy

A

-Single gene influences multiple genes/phenotypes

88
Q

Multifactorial Characteristics

A

-Characteristic determined by multiple genes and environmental factors

89
Q

Recombination frequency

A

-Portion of recombinant progeny produced in a cross

= # of recombo progeny/total # of progeny

90
Q

Coupling

A
  • Arrangement of linked genes
  • wild type alleles of two or more genes are on one chromosome and their mutant alleles are on the homologous chromosome
  • Also known as cis-configursation
91
Q

Repulsion/trans configuration

A
  • Arrangenment of 2 linked genes

- each of a homologous pair of chromosomes contain one wild type (dominant) and one mutant (recessive) allele

92
Q

Genetic Map

A
  • Map of relative distances btwn genetic loci, markers, or other chromosome regions
  • Determined by rates of recombination
  • Measured on recombination frequencies or map units
93
Q

Physical maps

A
  • Map of physical distances btwn loci, genetic markers, or other chromosome segments
  • Measured in base pairs
94
Q

Two-point testcross

A

-Cross btwn an individual heterozygous at 2 loci and an individual homozygous for recessive alleles at those loci

95
Q

Three-point testcross

A

-cross btwn an individual heterozygous at 3 loci and an individual homozygous for recessive alleles at 3 loci

96
Q

Interference

A

-Degree to which one crossover interferes w/ additional crossovers

97
Q

Coefficient of coincidence

A

observed double crossovers/ # expected doubel crossovers

98
Q

Haplotype

A

-A specific set of linked genetic variants or alleles on a single chromosome or on part of a chromosome

99
Q

Kinetochore

A
  • Multiprotein comlex that assembles the centromere b4 cell division
  • Spindle microtubules attach to it
100
Q

Xist

A

-Activity of gene leads to a barr body being created

101
Q

Allelic Series

A

-Multiple alleles at single gene that show a rank in order in their dominance relationships

102
Q

Gene’s w/ recombination of 50% or greater

A
  • Tends to underestimate the true physical distance btwn them
  • Doesn’t take into account double crossovers that might take place–> restores original parental combo of alleles
103
Q

Pangenesis

A

-Genetic information travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs

104
Q

Preformationism

A

-Minature organism resides in sex cell, all traits inherited from one parent

105
Q

Blending inheritance

A

-Genes blend and mix

Genetics (4 decks)

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