Exam 1. Chpts 1-15 Flashcards
Which of the following best defines the term
“gender” as used in the text?
a. A person’s sex
b. A person’s sex as defined by society
c. Societal response to a person’s self-representation as a man or woman.
d. A person’s biological presentation as defined by him or herself.
c. Societal response to a person’s self-representation as a man or woman
Which factor bears the most on women’s health care today?
a. The complexity of women’s health
b. Women’s status and position in society.
c. Population growth
d. The economy
b. Women’s status and position in society.
Why is acknowledging the oppression of women more difficult within Western societies?
a. The multiplicity of minority groups complicates the issue.
b. The availability of health care makes acknowledgment more difficult.
c. The diversity of the news media clouds the issue.
d. Affluence and increased opportunities mask oppression.
d. Affluence and increased opportunities mask oppression.
Which of the following most accurately defines “oppression” as used in the text?
a. Not having a choice
b. Not having a voice
c. An act of tyranny
d. A feeling of being burdened
a. Not having a choice
In what way does a model of care based on feminist perspective contrast sharply with a biomedical model?
a. It provides a forum for the exploration of gender issues.
b. It seeks equal distribution of power within the healthcare interaction.
c. It emphasizes women’s rights
d. It opens new avenues for women’s health care.
b. It seeks equal distribution of power within the healthcare interaction.
Gender is rooted in ________ and shaped by____
a. society, biology
b. self-representation, societal expectations
c. biology, environment, and experience
d. biology and hormones
c. biology, environment, and experience
Women’s health risks, treatments, and approaches are not always based on science and biology because_____
a. they are often based on outdated treatments and approaches.
b. they are determined by social expectations and gender assumptions.
c. they often rely on alternative treatments and approaches.
d. scientific research often fails to take women into consideration.
b. they are determined by social expectations and gender assumptions.
Reproductive rights were added to the World Health Organization’s human rights framework in the last _____?
a. 5 years
b. 10 years
c. 20 years
d. 40 years
c. 20 years
“Safe motherhood” was added to the human rights framework in order to______?
a. address maternal morbidity and mortality on a global level.
b. meet a legal obligation
c. correct an injustice
d. correct an oversight
a. address maternal morbidity and mortality on a global level
What is a chief failing of the biomedical model in regards to women’s health care?
a. Its reliance on studies comprised exclusively of males.
b. Its consideration of women as central to the model
c. Its emphasis on science and medicine
d. Its limited definition of “health” as “the absence of disease”
d. Its limited definition of “health” as “the absence of disease”
The social model of health places the focus of health on_____
a. the community.
b. the individual
c. environmental conditions.
d. scientific research.
a. the community
Which question below supports the strategy: “Identify women’s agency in the midst of social constraint and the biomedical paradigm”?
a. “Are ‘all women’ the same?”
b. “Why do you care about the issue?”
c. “Are women really victims or are they acting with agency?”
d. “Who has a choice within the context of health?”
c. “Are women really victims or are they acting with agency?”
What had been a significant problem in medical research well into the 1990s?
a. the focus of randomized clinical trials over epidemiological investigations
b. the lack of representation of women in research trials.
c. the lack of research related to gynecology
d. the focus of randomized clinical trials over observational research.
b. the lack of representation of women in research trials.
Gender differences in heart disease can be found in ____
a. diagnosis
b. treatment
c. identification of symptoms
d. all of the above
d. all the above
What opportunities are created by applying feminist strategies to gynecologic health?
a. Better insight into research methods related to gynecology
b. Better access to the populations affected by gynecologic health.
c. Better understanding from a wellness-oriented, women-centered framework.
d. Better understanding of the social construction of gender.
c. Better understanding from a wellness-oriented, women-centered framework.
How does Erick Erikson’s grand theory of human development differ for females?
a. It recognizes achieving autonomy as a primary focus.
b. It assumes only men desire autonomy.
c. It assumes female dependence on another in order to achieve a sense of self.
d. It assumes females desire dependence on others.
c. It assumes female dependence on another in order to achieve a sense of self.
What is true about human development theories published before the 1970s?
a. They are based on interviews conducted only with men.
b. They assume androcentric models can be applied correctly to women.
c. They frame women’s development as flawed in comparison to the standard.
d. All of the above.
d. All the above
What is the intention of the newer feminist models of development?
a. To offer a new model within the traditional biomedical focus.
b. To offer alternatives to the constrained and previously misapplied models.
c. To replace male generalist models with female generalist models.
d. To present a contrast to privileged, white male-based models
b. To offer alternatives to the constrained and previously misapplied models.
What is a key limitation of prevailing developmental models for women?
a. Gender differences assumed to be biologically determined are more often socially constructed.
b. They present conflicting and misapplied models.
c. Gender differences are assumed to be socially prescribed.
d. Similarities between males and females are emphasized over differences.
a. Gender differences assumed to be biologically determined are more often
socially constructed.
What event in female development marks the beginning of tension between biologic
changes and the social context?
a. Turning 18 years old
b. The onset of menses
c. The accumulation of adipose tissue with the onset of puberty
d. Pregnancy
c. The accumulation of adipose tissue with the onset of puberty.
How many stages does the Tanner scale use to stage sexual maturity?
a. 3 stages
b. 5 stages
c. 6 stages
d. 8 stages
b. 5 stages
7. What is the median age for the onset of menstruation for adolescent girls in the United States? a. 9.8 b. 10.8 c. 12.8 d. 13.8
c. 12.8
What factor limits an individual’s ability to function productively as an adult?
a. Failure to take into account social and cultural norms
b. The inability to move through the world with credibility and respect
c. Poverty
d. Failure to negotiate the developmental tasks of adolescence successfully
d. Failure to negotiate the developmental tasks of adolescence successfully
The type of thinking that influences the risk-taking behaviors of adolescence
_____________________
a. involves the use of symbols, advanced reasoning, and expanded possibilities.
b. works proactively to achieve autonomy.
c. encourages experimentation and foresight.
d. is rooted in the immediate and concrete.
a. involves the use of symbols, advanced reasoning and expanded possibilities.
What narrow term is often used to refer to the period of Early Adulthood?
a. Productive years
b. Reproductive years
c. Young Adulthood
d. Adolescence
b. Reproductive years
Why have women’s changing roles come at a cost to their health?
a. Increases in caregiving expectations compromise health
b. Balancing competing demands increases stress
c. Less attention is being placed on health care
d. Men’s roles have not changed in relation to the change in women’s roles
b. Balancing competing demands increases stress
How do Franz and White (1985) expand Erikson’s theory of development?
a. By proposing a two-pathway process that includes both individuation and capacity for attachment
b. By refining Erikson’s single pathway to include capacity for attachment
c. By expanding issues around career and lifestyle
d. By expanding issues around identity
a. By proposing a two-pathway process that includes both individuation and
capacity for attachment
What factors affect the mood changes many women in midlife suffer?
a. Deficiencies of estrogen
b. Psychological transitions
c. Cultural beliefs and expectations
d. All of the above
d. All the above
What is the primary reason many older women live in poverty and have health
problems?
a. They outnumber older men.
b. They have outlived their support systems.
c. Their cognitive abilities decline.
d. They must contend with ageism and sexism.
b. They have outlived their support systems.
According to Wuest (1994), the major goal of feminist research is _______________
a. to change the design and evaluation of research.
b. to liberate women from societal expectations.
c. to emancipate the world from systemic bias based on gender and class.
d. to expand notions of gender beyond stereotypes.
c. to emancipate the world from systemic bias based on gender and class
What concern prompted the initiation of the modern EBP movement in health care?
a. That clinicians often failed to evaluate the effectiveness of their own care
b. That expert opinion was valued over scientific evidence
c. That scientific evidence was valued over expert opinion
d. That patients were demanding more evidence to support care decisions
a. That clinicians often failed to evaluate the effectiveness of their own care
Quine’s (1952) concept of a web of interconnecting beliefs and knowledge supports
_____________________
a. the inferiority of quantitative research.
b. a multiple-method approach to examining phenomena.
c. the superiority of qualitative research.
d. the difficulties of establishing best practices.
b. a multiple-method approach to examining phenomena.
Why are multiple approaches needed to identify best clinical practices?
a. To reflect the multiple variables within clinical settings.
b. To offer alternatives to poorly functioning practices
c. To address the complexity of the human condition
d. To ensure that no single approach dominates
c. To address the complexity of the human condition
What is the third part of the clinical decision-making triad that includes clinical
experience and patient preference?
a. An investigation of treatment pathways
b. A consultation with clinical management.
c. An evaluation of current clinical research.
d. Establishing research methodology
c. An evaluation of current clinical research
How many classifications are used by the U.S. Preventative Service Task Force to
gauge the strength of recommendations for using research evidence in clinical practice?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 6
d. 8
b.5
What are the corresponding clinical terms for Type I and Type II errors in quantitative
research?
a. “false positive” and “false negative”
b. “negativity” and “positivity”
c. “bias I” and “bias II”
d. “evidence flaw” and “process flaw”
a. “false positive” and “false negative”
What key factor shapes the methodology of qualitative research?
a. A person’s view of the world
b. The ability to establish control over variables
c. The ability to establish cause and effect
d. A well-conducted meta-analysis
a. A person’s view of the world
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
a. One follows strict protocols while the other does not.
b. One deduces the reason why something happens and the other induces why it happens.
c. One places greater emphasis on the expansion of knowledge.
d. All of the above.
b. One deduces the reason why something happens and the other induces why it
happens.
What field of study informs qualitative research?
a. Anthropology
b. Ecological psychology
c. Sociolinguistics.
d. All of the above
d. All the above
Which research question most closely exemplifies a qualitative approach?
a. Why do some women experience postpartum depression?
b. How does physical exercise affect menopause?
c. How does Kegel exercise affect a woman’s perinatal outcomes?
d. Does a specific method of contraception cause weight gain?
a. Why do some women experience postpartum depression?
What is a recognized limitation of EBP?
a. Emphasis on the routinization of practice
b. Over-reliance on RCT-derived results
c. The challenge of staying abreast of current research
d. All of the above
d. All the above
What is the purpose of the Stetler (2001) model of research utilization?
a. To weigh the risks and benefits of EBP
b. To supply methods for critiquing evidence
c. To encourage a synthesis of all research methods
d. To help move the best evidence into the clinical practice setting
d. To help move the best evidence into the clinical practice setting
One common barrier to using EBP in clinical settings is the lack of confidence in critiquing research studies. The second is _____________________
a. the lack of time to find studies.
b. the lack of willing colleagues.
c. the lack of support from management.
d. the lack of protocol in using EBP.
a. the lack of time to find studies.
What is the single most important action a clinician can take to advance EBP in the clinical setting? a. Employ quantitative research methods b. Employ qualitative research methods. c. Question everything d. Consult with management
c. Question everything
What is the annual medical expenditure nationwide, approximately, due to smoking and being overweight? a. $60 billion b. $100 billion c. $160 billion d. $260 billion
c. $160 billion
What approach does Health People 2020 use to achieve its goals and objectives?
a. Social determinants of health
b. Evidence-based determinants of health
c. Quality-of-life determinants of health
d. Longevity promotion determinants of health
a. Social determinants of health
What percentage of the nation’s gross domestic product was spent on health care in 2005? a. 0.6 percent b. 6 percent c. 16 percent d. 26 percent
c. 16 percent
Which of the following is a new focus area added for Healthy People 2020?
a. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health
b. Maternal, infant and child health
c. Nutrition and weight status
d. Family planning
a. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health
Why must definitions of health and prevention be clarified?
a. To provide clinicians with a standard point of view
b. To shift from an illness-centered focus toward wellness
c. To establish clarity and protocol
d. To streamline health counseling and education
b. To shift from an illness-centered focus toward wellness
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the presence of a disease state
________________
a. necessitates prompt medical attention.
b. excludes a person from being considered healthy.
c. does not exclude a person from being considered healthy.
d. classifies a person as in poor health.
c. does not exclude a person from being considered healthy
Which approach to health promotion comes closest to that advocated by the text?
a. Is determined primarily by the clinician
b. Pays close attention to cost effectiveness
c. Focuses on the absence of disease
d. Considers the patient and his or her cultural perceptions
d. Considers the patient and his or her cultural perceptions
Which of the following is considered primary prevention?
a. Targeted immunization
b. Serves that limit an existing disability
c. Routine laboratory screening
d. Rehabilitation
a. Targeted immunization
What ratio of ambulatory visits most closely represents those due to chronic or acute problems versus preventative care? a. 2/1 b. 1/1 c. 3/1 d. 5/1
c. 3/1
What area of injury prevention is a focus of the USPSTF’s guidelines for counseling all healthy, asymptomatic women? a. motor vehicle accidents b. falls c. domestic violence d. All of the above
a. motor vehicle accidents
What is the USPSTF recommendation regarding firearms?
a. Removed from homes with children under the age of ten
b. Stored in locked compartments
c. Removed from home or stored, unloaded, in locked compartments
d. Removed from private homes
c. Removed from home or stored, unloaded, in locked compartments
Which type of counseling results in a statistically significant reduction in STIs?
a. Abstinence-only education
b. Counseling delivered in multiple individuals or group sessions totaling more than 3 hours
c. Remote counseling via the Internet or phone.
d. Brief, individual sessions in the primary care setting
b. Counseling delivered in multiple individuals or group sessions totaling more
than 3 hours
What is the leading preventable cause of death across all populations in the U.S.?
a. Motor vehicle accidents
b. Tobacco
c. Obesity
d. Alcoholism
b. Tobacco
What percentage of older women does NOT receive the recommended immunizations
for their age group, according to a recent study?
a. 10 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 75 percent
c. 50 percent
A major contributor to pelvic stability is ____________________
a. the coccyx.
b. the pubis.
c. the ilium and its ligaments.
d. the sacrum.
c. the ilium and its ligaments.
The sheet made up of dense fibrous tissue that spans the opening of the anterior pelvic
outlet is/are the _____________________________
a. sphinter muscles.
b. deep perineal space.
c. perineal membrane.
d. distal vagina.
a. sphinter muscles.
How many different fiber sections subdivide the levator ani muscular sheet?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
c. 4
What is the function of the Bartholin’s gland?
a. To help prevent infection of the introitus.
b. To secrete lubricating mucus into the introitus during sexual excitement
c. To assist in keeping the vaginal introitus closed
d. To secrete estrogen and regulate its levels
a. To help prevent infection of the introitus
Which arteries supply blood to the clitoris?
a. Arcuate arteries
b. Dorsal and clitoral cavernosal arteries
c. Two ovarian arteries.
d. Coiled arteries
b. Dorsal and clitoral cavernosal arteries
What is the approximate number of ovarian follicles at the initiation of puberty?
a. 100,000
b. 200,000
c. 400,000
d. 600,000
c. 400,000
The four segments of a fallopian tube are the pars interstitialis, the isthus, the ampulla, and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a. infundibulum. b. medulla. c. hilum. d. myometrium.
a. infundibulum.
What causes the epithelium to thicken, differentiate, and accumulate glycogen?
a. Progesterone
b. Pudendal nerve
c. Estrogen
d. Vagus nerves
c. Estrogen
About how many openings are in the nipple?
a. 1 to 5
b. 5 to 10
c. 10 - 15
d. 15 - 20
d. 15 - 20
What is one of the most frequent reasons women visit their clinician?
a. Changes in menstruation
b. Family planning
c. Pregnancy
d. Prevention and wellness
a. Changes in menstruation
What is the objective of the endometrial cycle?
a. To emulate the activities of the ovaries
b. To produce an ovum
c. To reach the menstruation phase
d. To prepare a site to nourish and maintain the ovum
d. To prepare a site to nourish and maintain the ovum
Ovulation is dependent on an increased level of ___________________
a. enzyme activity.
b. progesterone.
c. prostaglandins.
d. estrogen and the LH surge.
d. estrogen and the LH surge.
What initiates contractions of the uterine muscle leading to menstruation?
a. Lysosomal enzymes
b. Vascular thrombosis
c. Rupture of the basal arterioles
d. Prostaglandins
d. Prostaglandins
Why does the cervical mucus become thick, viscous and opaque after ovulation?
a. To make an hospitable environment for the sperm
b. To promote stromal vascularization
c. To relax the myometrial fibers that supply the cervix
d. To reduce the risk of ascending infection at the time of implantation
d. To reduce the risk of ascending infection at the time of implantation
What does the Greek term “gyne” mean from which “gynecology” is derived?
a. Speculum
b. Gender
c. Woman — more as queen
d. To reproduce
c. Woman — more as queen
What is the primary purpose of taking a health history?
a. To learn about a woman’s health concerns
b. To establish a relationship with a woman while learning about her health
c. To identify any unresolved/latent health issues
d. To ensure that a woman’s health care records are up to date
b. To establish a relationship with a woman while learning about her health
Which skills are valued in a clinician taking a health history?
a. Respectful attention
b. Empathy
c. Trust-building
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
What should be the clinician’s first objective after learning the chief reason the woman
desires care?
a. To give the reason or problem a structural and chronological framework
b. To probe for any additional concerns missed
c. To take a family history related to the presenting concern
d. To gain insight into the woman’s cultural and social influences
a. To give the reason or problem a structural and chronological framework
Which of the following should NOT be a part of taking a health history?
a. Taking a family health history
b. Seeking information on stressors or personal problems
c. Asking about exercise and sleep patterns
d. Counseling for tobacco-use cessation
d. Counseling for tobacco-use cessation
In the GTPAL system for recording pregnancy history, the “T” stands for: _________
a. Term births.
b. Terminal pregnancies.
c. Total number of pregnancies.
d. Type of birth (spontaneous, assisted, or cesarean).
a. Term births.
