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MLS 4145 - Biochem I > Exam 1 | Chp. 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 | Chp. 2 & 3 Flashcards

Light, Spectrophotometry, Electrochemistry, Enzymes, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, & Immunoassays

1
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein core without cofactor

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2
Q

cofactor

A

non-protein that activates complex

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3
Q

holoenzyme

A

apoenzyme + cofactor(s)

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4
Q

Enzymes do not alter

A

chemical bonds

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5
Q

Enzymes allow

A

changes to occur with less energy expended

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6
Q

Chemical properties of an active site determine 2 things

A
  • Specificity of an enzyme for its substrate
  • The reaction it catalyzes
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7
Q

Absolute specificity

A

enz catalyzes only one rxn

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7
Q

Group specificity

A

enz only acts on molecules w/ specific functional groups

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7
Q

Linkage specificity

A

enz acts on particular types of chemical bonds regardless of mol structure

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7
Q

Stereochemical specificity

A

enz only acts on a particular isomer

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8
Q

3 types of cofactors

A
  1. Coenzymes
  2. Prosthetic Groups
  3. Metal ion activators
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9
Q

Coenzyme is a non-protein organic substance that

A

loosely attached to apoenzyme, related to vitamins

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10
Q

Prosthetic Group is a non-protein organic substance that

A

firmly attached to apoenzyme, ex is NAD, NADP

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11
Q

Metal Ion activators

A

may be an integral part or loosely bound to apoenzyme

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12
Q

Oxidoreductases catalyze

A

redox rxns

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13
Q

Transferases catalyze

A

transfer of functional group

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14
Q

Hydrolases catalyze

A

hydrolysis rxns

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15
Q

Lyases catalyze

A

removal of chemical groups

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16
Q

Isomerases catalyze

A

conversion of bonding patterns

17
Q

Ligases catalyze

A

coupling of molecules with the hydrolysis of ATP bonds

18
Q

Isoenzymes

A

different multimeric forms of an enzyme

19
Q

Energy required for a substrate to be activated is provided by

A

the free energy of binding S to E

20
Q

Enzyme substrate complex breaks down to give these two things

A

rxn products (P) and free enzyme (E)

21
Q

A rxn can be forced to proceed in only one direction by

A

using a secondary rxn to remove product from availability

22
Q

Rxn rate is represented by the letter _ and is postive for a ________ _____ and negative for a _______ ___

A

k; + for forward rxn, - for reverse rxn

23
Q

5 factors that affect enzyme activity

A
  1. substrate concentration
  2. enzyme concentration
  3. temperature
  4. pH
  5. cofactors
24
Q

First order kinetics

A

Velocity and [S] are directly proportional and almost equal.
- [S] is rate limiting

25
Q

Forming the E-S complex activates

A

the substrate molecule

26
Q

Zero order kinetics

A

Reaction rate is independent of [S]

27
Q

Measuring enzyme activity can only occur if

A

all reactions are at zero order kinetics

28
Q

The MM constant (Km) is useful for

A

determining optimal [S] that is not rate limiting

29
Q

If [S] > Km by a factor of 100, the reaction is following

A

Zero-order kinetics

30
Q

If [S] > Km by a factor of less than 100, the reaction is following

A

First-order kinetics

31
Q

Km represents the

A

[S] needed to achieve 1/2 Vmax

32
Q

Activators

A

Small molecules like Zn++ and Mg++ that increase rxn rate

33
Q

Coenzymes are similar to activators in that

A

some enzymes require their presence for their full activity

34
Q

Inhibitors

A

Substances that selectively affect rxn velocity + Km to limit enzyme activity

35
Q

Competitive Inhibitor (Def and Effect on KM + Vmax)

A

Similar to + competes w/ substrate for active site binding

  • ↑ Km
  • No effect on Vmax
36
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitor (Def and Effect on KM + Vmax)

A

Binds allosteric (non active) site -> conformational change -> altered active site that doesn’t bind substrate

  • No effect on Km
  • ↓ Vmax
37
Q

Uncompetitive Inhibitor (Def and Effect on KM + Vmax)

A

Binds E-S to form ES inhib. complex that yields NO product

  • ↓ Km
  • ↓ Vmax
38
Q

You can reverse the action of a competitive inhibitor by

A

increasing [S]

39
Q

What inhibitor only binds when substrate is bound to enzyme

A

uncompetitive

40
Q

What inhibitor yields no product

A

uncompetitive

41
Q

In electrochemistry, the anode is __ and the cathode is __

A
42
Q

Absorbance and concentration are _____ proportional

A

directly
- As concentration increases so does absorbance

43
Q
A

MLS 4145 - Biochem I (2 decks)

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