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Human Anatomy/Physiology 2 > Exam 1 Chp 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chp 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chemical elements are present in the human body?

A

26 (4 major, 8 lesser, and 14 trace elements)

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2
Q

What are the 4 major elements?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond together.

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements.

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5
Q

What is a free radical?

A

It is an atom or group of atoms with one unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

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6
Q

Free radicals are VERY _________ and destructive to nearby molecules.

A

Unstable

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7
Q

What do free radicals want?

A

They want to either take an electron or give one up and this breaks apart important molecules.

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8
Q

Examples of free radicals?

A

UV radiation, X-rays, diabetes, and cancer.

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9
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

The force that holds atoms together.

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10
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost shell.

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11
Q

Electrons in what shell are the ones taking part in chemical bonds?

A

Outermost shell

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12
Q

What makes an atom chemically stable?

A

When the atom has 8 electrons in its outermost shell.

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13
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

It explains why atoms interact in predictable ways. They want to interact in such a way that they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell.

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14
Q

Atoms can either _______ electrons or _______ up/gain electrons to get 8 in their outer shell.

A

Share , Give

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15
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When two or more atoms share electrons.

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16
Q

What happens when atoms share electrons?

A

Each atom gets to have 8 electrons part of the time.

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17
Q

Can atoms share more than one pair of electrons?

A

Yes, covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple.

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18
Q

What are nonpolar bonds?

A

In covalent bonds, it’s when atoms share the electrons between them equally.

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19
Q

What are polar bonds?

A

Polar bonds are when some atoms hoard the electrons.

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20
Q

The atom that has the electrons most will have a ______________ charge.

A

Partial negative

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21
Q

The atom that doesn’t have the electrons as much will have a __________ charge.

A

Partial positive

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22
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

When the atom has the power to attract electrons to itself. So the atom that attracts the electrons more has a greater electronegativity.

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23
Q

Instead of sharing electrons, some atoms will _________ or _________ electrons.

A

Give up , Accept

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24
Q

What is a cation?

A

atoms that is positively charged

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25
Q

What is an anions?

A

Atoms that are negatively charged

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26
Q

Where in the body are ionic bonds found mainly?

A

In the teeth and bones, this gives them strength.

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27
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

In polar bonds that contain hydrogen, the partially positive hydrogen will be attracted to an atom with the partial negative charge of another molecule. Weaker bonds

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28
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A chemical reaction occurs when bonds are formed or broken between atoms. It can either release or absorb energy.

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29
Q

What are reactants?

A

The starting substance in a chemical reaction.

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30
Q

What are products?

A

The ending substance of a chemical reaction.

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31
Q

The mass of reactants _______ the mass of the products.

A

Equals

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32
Q

No atoms are ________ or ________ in forming products.

A

Gained or lost. If you start out with a certain amount, then the new product/s formed will contain the exact same number of atoms.

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33
Q

What is a exergonic reaction?

A

It releases more energy than they absorb.

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34
Q

What is a endergonic reaction?

A

When it absorbs more energy that they release.

35
Q

Energy released from _________ reactions is often used for an __________ reaction.

A

Exergonic and endergonic

36
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy needed to break the bonds between an atom. Needed to start any reaction.

37
Q

Chemical reactions
The ________ of molecules and the __________ influence the chance that molecules will interact and form new bonds

A

Concentration and temperature

38
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

39
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as catalyst, the most important catalyst in the human body.

40
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Reactions are those thy build new molecules. Usually endergonic

41
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Reactions are those that break down molecules. Usually exergonic

42
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Involves the transfer of elections between atoms and molecules.

43
Q

What is reduction?

A

Refers to the gain of elections

44
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Refers to the loss of electrons

45
Q

When one substance is _________, another is ________ at the same time.

A

Oxidized and reduced

46
Q

_________ is the most important inorganic compound.

A

Water

47
Q

The metabolic reactions that occur in our bodies happen in a ___________ environment.

A

Watery

48
Q

What is a Solvent?

A

Dissolves another substance

49
Q

What is a solute?

A

Is dissolved in a solvent

50
Q

What is a solution?

A

When a solute is dissolved in a solvent

51
Q

In biological life forms, water is the _________.

A

Solvent

52
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Water loving molecules that are polar

53
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water fearing molecules that are nonpolar.

54
Q

What is an acid?

A

Is a substance that dissociates into (or more) H+ ions in water. Between 0-6 on pH scale

55
Q

What is a base?

A

Is a substance that dissociates into one (or more) OH- ions in water. Between 8-14 on pH scale.

56
Q

A pH of ____ is neutral.

A

7

57
Q

To maintain homeostasis, we must keep a balance of ____and ____ ions.

A

H+ and OH-

58
Q

What are Buffer systems?

A

They convert strong acids and bases into weak ones. Weak acids don’t have as much effect on the body as strong acids do.

59
Q

What is the function of Carbs?

A

Energy source, generates ATP, and structural roles.

60
Q

What are the elements found in carbs?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

61
Q

What is a monosaccharides?

A

Known as simple sugars. They end in “-ose”. Contain between 3 and 7 atoms.

62
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Made of two monosaccharides

63
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Contain more than tens to thousands of monosaccharides.

64
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Main polysaccharide in the human body.

65
Q

What is starch?

A

Main polysaccharides in plants

66
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide is made in plants that can’t be digested.

67
Q

Lipids make up ______ of body mass of lean adults.

A

18-25%

68
Q

What makes up a lipid?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

69
Q

Lipids are ________ in water.

A

Insoluble

70
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

The lipid-protein complexes

71
Q

The lipid family includes:

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

72
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Have single covalent bonds. This means that each carbon is saturated with hydrogens

73
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Contain one or more double bonds. This means that the carbons are not saturated with hydrogens.

74
Q

___________ are the most plentiful lipid in the diet and in your body.

A

Triglycerides

75
Q

What is a amphipathic molecule?

A

Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar groups.

76
Q

What are steroids made from?

A

Made from cholesterol.
Examples are estrogen, testosterone, and bile salts.

77
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Large molecules that have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

78
Q

Proteins are _________ more complex in structure.

A

MUCH

79
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins

80
Q

There are _______ different amino acids?

A

20

81
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Covalent bond attaching two amino acids.

82
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

When many amino acids are attached.

83
Q

The term _________ is used to denote the fully functional molecule.

A

Protein

Human Anatomy/Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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