Exam 1 chp 1-2 Flashcards
Branches of science
Geology
Zoology
Anthropology
Chemistry
Scientists use various tools of classification to organize and communicate their knowledge. True or false?
True
The Middle Ages were a time of booming scientific discoveries, t or f?
False
The ‘scientific method’ is used…..
By scientists all over the world.
Scientific method data comes from….
Experimentation and observation
Conclusions from the scientific method are always known from the very beginning of the experiment, true or false?
False
Who are some of the first Marine scientists from Europe to discover North America by boat.
The Vikings
Who is considered to be the first ocean scientist, although his voyages we’re not 100 percent science?
Captain Cook
The first, and widely known, marine expedition that was 100% scientific is there…
Challenger expedition
Scientific facts are things that are not always observable they can be based on what others say is true and may not always be repeatable, true or false?
False
Many scientific inventions by early cultures were lost to future generations and discovered again by someone else because…
Early cultures did not record and pass on their inventions
Which of the following are applied scientific discoveries made in the 1900s
Bombs
Tv
Drugs in vaccines
Space travel
Forming a hypothesis comes near the
Beginning of the scientific method
If the outcome of an experiment is different each time it is conducted the information from one trial can be used to state a scientific fact. True or false.?
False
Which of the following does not lend itself to science.
Evaluating a piece of art, judging her person looks, deciding whether decision is moral.
Who were the first marine scientist to travel around the Pacific ocean using natural phenomena as navigational tools?
The Polynesians
Which marine signed as proposed the theory of evolution afternoon early five years at sea exploring the oceans?
Charles Darwin
Which of the following expeditions is credited with proving the theory of plate tectonics?
Challenger expedition
Marine labs began as a place for scientist and their specimen to be houses after an ocean expedition and have evolved into international centers for marine research including educational out reach to the local community, true or false?
False
Remote-sensing, using transmitters and satellites, help marine scientist the most with…
Saving time with instant transmission of information
The big bang theory attempts to explain the origin of…
The universe
The first oceans on earth were
Salty
The marine environment, as we know it on earth, would very likely be found on any planet in our solar system, t or f?
False
Life forms on the bottom of the ocean are best described as being part of the…
Hydrosphere
Which of the following diving technologies has the greatest physiological dangerous to human from alterations to the body during high pressures…
ROV’s
Which of the following subdisciplines of marine science would most be involved with the lifeforms found in the ocean.
Biological oceanography
Which is the order from beginning to end of matter according to the big bang theory
Particles – hydrogen atoms-stars-novas
Temperature on early earth compared to today’s temperatures was…
Hot
The bottom of the ocean actual seafloor is best described as being part of the…
Geosphere (lithosphere)
A water sample taken from halfway between the top ocean and the bottom ocean would best be described as being part of the
Hydrosphere
What percent of the surface of the earth is covered with oceans
70%
Which of the following oceans is bordered by North and South America on one side and Europe and Africa on the other
Atlantic
What ocean is bordered by Africa Asia and Australia?
Indian
The fact that there are more icebergs in the north Atlantic ocean then in the North Pacific ocean is due to the fact that…
The North Pacific ocean is separated from the main area of ice (arctic) by the Bering Strait where is the north Atlantic Ocean is much more open to the Arctic.
The temperate areas of earth are found
30° to 60° both north and south as to separated areas
In which hemisphere is there more continental landmasses
Northern
Which of the following seas does not flow into the Atlantic ocean
Bering
Which of the following seas does not flow into the Indian Ocean
Bering
Which of the following is not always considered to be discrete ocean?
Antarctic (southern)
Which of the following oceans is bordered by North and South America on one side and Asia and Australia on the other?
Pacific
The Antarctic (or southern) ocean can only be thought of as the commingling of the most suddenly part of the following oceans
Atlantic
Indian
Pacific
The tropical areas of earth are found
Straddling the equator from 30° north to 30° South latitude
The polar areas of earth are found
60° to 90° both north and south as two separate areas
The Saragasso sea is in the
Atlantic ocean
The following seas do not flow into the Pacific ocean
Arabian Sea
Which of the following seas does not flow into the Arctic Ocean
Red Sea
Which of the following seas is connected to both the Arctic Ocean and Pacific ocean
Bering Sea
Which seafloor feature is always right next to the edges of the continents
The continental shelf
When an organism come pleat Lee live surrounded by water without touching anything it is considered
Pelagic
When an organism lives so that it is touching something like the ocean bottom it is considered
Benthic
Benthic organisms found on the continental slope are considered to be
Inner or outer shelf
Benthic organisms found in a marine trench system are considered to be
Hadal
The Galapagos islands are found in what ocean
Pacific
The deepest parts of the ocean are located at
A trench
Which of the following types of lifestyles means that an aquatic organisms has the ability to swim against a current
Nectonic
Pelagic organisms found in the open ocean where there is an abyssal plain, oceanic ridge/rise system, or trench are considered to be
Neritic
Benthic organisms found on the Abyssal plain are considered to be
Abyssal
Some marine organisms can be both benthic and pelagic during their life, true or false?
True
Taking samples of ocean water can be accomplished by all of the following except
Eckman grab
Which of the following samplers would be used best to sample a hard bottom like rock or coral
Peterson grab the standard model
If it is important to keep the stratification of the bottom sediment then the best piece of equipment to use would be the
Bottom correr
When plankton from any particular depth need sampling the best piece of equipment is the
Standard plankton net
Secession plates are used to sample
Organisms found on or near a line through a habitat
Transects are used to sample
Organisms found on or near a line through a habitat
A beach seine is used to sample
Organisms found next to a sandy or muddy shoreline
And Otter trawl
is used to sample
Organisms found next to a sandy or muddy Shoreline
Which of the following samplers does not need a Messenger in its operation
Surface sample bottle
When soft bottom sediments are sampled the small organisms living there can be separated from the settlement with the use of the
Wash bucket
Plankton that’s coming to variety of sizes to catch a variety of playing theaters the Nets are numbered such that the larger number that’s the catch what size plankters?
Smallest plankters
Once a plankton sample is taken which piece of equipment would be the best two divided into two equal portions
Folsome plankton splitter
Quadrates are used to sample
Organisms found within defined perimeter i.e. square, circle
A biological dredge is used to sample
Organisms found living on solid substrates act up i.e. rock, coral reef
And Isaac kid mid water trawl is used to sample
Organisms found in the middle of the water column (away from the shoreline)
Measuring the temperature of surface seawater went on the large vessel like a cruise liner is easily accomplished by the use of what when you can only use one’s own arm
Reversing thermometer
Measuring the temperature of subsurface the water collected by the water simpler called a Nansen bottle is accomplished by using
Reversing thermometer
Which of the following chemical test kits is commonly used measurement tool for dissolved oxygen in seawater
Winkler titration
Standard watercolor measurements made by marine scientist are made with the
Forel/Ule scale
Which of the following cannot be used to measure ocean currents
Bathythermograph
What equipment piece would be most helpful to a marine scientist who wants to describe the exact location of a sample
GPS unit
Which of the following pieces of oceanographic equipment is the most accurate when measuring seawater salinity
Salinometer
Standard visibility measurements made by marine scientist are vertical measurement and are made with the
Secchi disk
Ocean floor depth measurements made by marine scientist are made with the
Sounder (lead line) and Fathometer
Which microscope has the lowest magnification but would still be helpful and seeing details of marine creatures
Dissecting microscope
The salinity of seawater fluctuates day by day in most places on earth true or false
False
An average measurement for the salinity of seawater off the coast of California would be
35 o/oo (parts per thousand)
Which central ocean area would have the greatest salt content
Central north Atlantic
If a marine osmotic conformer were put in a bucket of freshwater what would happens
It’s cells with swell with water and possibly explode
The temperature of the ocean water increases primarily because of
Icebergs
Which area on earth generally has the warmest surface ocean water
Tropical area
Which layer of ocean water is almost always very cold
Deep bottom water
Which layer of ocean water is the greatest by volume
Deep bottom water
A homeothermic or warm blooded marine organism would be adopted to long migrations going through oceans of the variety of temperatures compared to poikilothermic cold blooded marine organism true or false
True
Dissolved oxygen levels increase in seawater primarily from
Plants during the day
The types of salts that are found in seawater are
11 or so major ions
Always in the same proportion to each other
Predominately sodium and chloride
Measured as parts per thousand
Increase and salinity is often due to the following except
Precipitation
And asthmatic conformer would be
Unable to regulate its internal salt content,
A marine invertebrate,
And a marine algae.
Which of the following marine organisms would be better adapted to migrate long distances an encounter a variety of salinities?
Osmotic regulator a.k.a. homeosmotic
In the three layered ocean model of seawater temperature which area generally lacks the upper mixed layer
Polar area
Which layer of ocean water is really affected by seasonal changes
Deep bottom water
Which layer of ocean water changes in temperature getting colder as you go deeper
Main thermocline
Cold blooded marine organisms are
Unable to regulate during internal body temperature, marine reptiles like sea turtles, marine algae, marine invertebrates
Dissolved oxygen in seawater is
Used by organisms with gills to breathe
When rain scientist measure dissolved nutrients they are measuring
N,P, and K which act as fertilizer for plants
The pH of seawater is considered to be very
Stable with small fluctuations between 7.5 and 8.5
The three-dimensional air circulation in earths atmosphere is divided in three cells in each hemisphere, which cells straddle the equator.
Hadley
The name of the major wins on earth that blow from east to west in the tropics is the
Trades
The Windward side of a temperate island would be on the
West
The major ocean currents result from earths winds, obstruction of continental landmasses, and the Coriolis affect, making a general pattern that is
- Clockwise in the northern hemisphere
- Counter clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
- Continually moving east around Antarctica
- Rather still in the center of the North Atlantic, South Atlantic ,North Pacific, South Pacific and Indian oceans
Deep ocean circulation is primarily from
Density differences in seawater a.k.a. Thermohaline circulation
Upwelling areas increase amount of
Nutrients in surface waters
The daily title cycle is primarily caused by gravitational force between earth and
The moon the sun the earth
Mixed tides occur because of
The tilt, or declination, of earth relative to moon
A tide pooling trip would be best planned during a
Neap tide
Air is generally rising in that mess here at
The Equator (0 degrees)
The Coriolis effect influences all long distance motion on earth I.e winds, currents, and airplane flights.
It’s effect is
- Due to the rotation of the earth
- to make movement veer right in the northern hemisphere
- to make a movement veer left in the southern hemisphere
The Windward side of a tropical island would be on the
East
The greatest surface area of ocean exposed to wind occurs in the
Tropical areas
Which current would be the warmest, fastest, deepest and narrowest
Western boundary current
Upwelling areas are considered to be areas of
High productivity
Title waves a.k.a. tsunami’s are produced by the tides true or false?
True
Most places on earth have how many title cycles
2
Spring tides occur
At first and third quarter moon
During El Niño, nutrient levels in surface waters are
Low
During a severe El Niño, lasting more than a year,which side of the tropical Pacific Ocean is higher than normal?
East
El Niño of 1982-83 was
Historically one of the two strongest on record, using multi variate analysis
El Niño is characterized by what type of thermocline
Strong
Some species of organisms, notably terrestrial ones dependent on marine food) may benefit from in an El Niño, especially terrestrial herbivores. True or false
True
Marine iguana pop in 82-83 ….
Declined
A severe El Niño may cause desert areas to flood and normally wet areas to experience a draught. T/F?
True
During a severe El Niño, many organisms that depend on the marine food chain.
Die
Lack food
Migrate
Become temp stressed
El Niño conditions result primarily from
Weakening trade winds
during an el nino, water temperatures in the eastern tropical pacific at and just below the equatore are
a. strongly increased
b strongly decrease
c about the same
a. strongly increased
the galapagos islands are usually ___ by an el nino
a. nto affected
b. strongly affected
b. strongly affected
we may feel warmer water in CA from an el nino only if it is severe enough for the ehat transfer from the tropics- our major North Pacific oocean ciruclation continues unaffected t/f?
True
Niño affect on fish- eating birds ( sea birds)
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
B. Harmful
Niño affect on fish eating sea lions
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
B. Harmful
Niño affect on herbivorous land tortoises
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
A. Enhanced
Niño affect on herbivorous land iguanas
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
A. Enhanced
Niño affect on seed eating finches
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
Enhanced
Niño affect on plankton eating coral above thermocline
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
B. Harmful
Niño affect on plankton eating coral below thermocline
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
No change
Niño affect on intertidal marine plants
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
B. Harmful
Niño affect on plankton eating whales
a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change
B. Harmful
the condition known as La Nina is associated with
a a “normal” or expected oceanographic condition
b warm oceanic conditions in the eastern pacific
c the opposite of el nino conditions (stronger winds, faster currents, and colder water in the eastern pacific)
d all of these are correct
c the opposite of el nino conditions (stronger winds, faster currents, and colder water in the eastern pacific)
The solid outer layer of earth is called the crust and
Forms the continents and ocean bottom. May be referred to as the lithosphere
Most of the bottom of the Pacific ocean is considered to be part of the
Pacific plate
The oceanic ridge/rise System that goes down the center of the Atlantic ocean is called the
Mid Atlantic Ridge
As you go out from the central Rift Valley the substrate gets older and older, both sides as mirror images, T/F?
True
Which type of crust is Found underlying the ocean bottoms maybe called somatic and is denser than the others
Oceanic
Ocean Ridge/rise systems are areas where plates are
Spreading apart
The central rift valley of an oceanic ridge/rise system is where
Volcanism is common, ocean crust is diverging, a new crust is being made, a spreading center is located. All of these are correct
Iceland is an island formed from
An oceanic ridge/rise coming to the surface
Deep-sea trenches are areas where
Earthquakes occur both shallow and deep in the crust, plates are converging, crust is being melted, a subduction zone is located
The motion of earths 12 major plates is estimated to be about
As fast as fingernails grow inches per year
The concept of continental drift where the major continents have moved their position on earth due to plate tectonics has driving force attributed to
Seafloor spreading
A hotspot is An
Area of volcanism generally in the middle of a plate
Which ocean bottom type is composed of a large number of showpieces secreted by life forms
Bio genous
Siliceous oozes are commonly
Found at tropical band in the Pacific Ocean, made up of millions of diatoms shells, mind by humans if a deposit can be easily accessed
Magnese nodules could have economic importance because they contain
Metals
Marine worms can change the bottom of the ocean by
Mixing the settlements, forming tubes which draw water and oxygen into the sediment, cementing the sediments together
The ocean bottom along most continents is some type of rocky shore sandy beach or mud flat depending on the type of crusty material present the shorelines would be classified as
Terrogenous
Most of earths deep-sea trenches are found in the
Pacific ocean
Pangea is
The landmass when there was a single continent on Earth, postulated to be with the continents were located over 200 million years ago, the result of reversing the plate movement.
Andesitic crust
Has characteristics of both continental and oceanic crust, occurs at island arcs, is often found on the continental side of a deep-sea trench
The bottom of the ocean right next to the most continental landmassesis classified as
Terrogenous
Calcareous oozes are not found below 4000 to 5000 m because
Calcium dissolves at depths greater than this
Hydrogenous deposits of manganese nodules are found
Only at the surface of the bottom ocean
Mining operations for manganese nodules are easy and profitable today
False
A deposit feeder gets nutrition from ingesting sediments but it is the _____ that gives the organism the actual calories – the cleaned sediments are released in a fecal pellets of compact sediment
Organics between the sand/mud grains
Hawaii is found at
A hotspot
The Pacific plate is moving
Northwest in the area of the Hawaiian islands
The most active volcano on the island of Hawaii is
Kilauea
Recent lava flows on the island of Hawaii are in the
Southern area part of the island
The youngest Hawaiian island is
Hawaii
The newest geologically speaking area of volcanic activity in or near Hawaii is called
Loihi
Hawaiian volcanoes are generally
Gently sloping shield shaped with somewhat gentle eruptions
Blacksand beaches in Hawaii are formed by
Lava hitting the ocean and exploding into tiny, sharp black sediments and erosion of basalt into tiny black sentiments
A kipuka is
And island of vegetation surrounded by lava flow
An example of an endemic animal in Hawaii is
Nene goose
Silversword plants in Hawaii
Live at high altitude’s, can live 30 to 40 years before they flower, die after producing 4 to 6 foot flower stocks, grow seeds.
Although the Hawaiian islands are far from other large islands masses remote beaches may collect a large amount of
Plastic materials that have floated across the Pacific ocean
The generation of electricity from when power is feasible in Hawaii because of the
Trade winds
The Nene goose is
The state bird of Hawaii, being reintroduced to the wild from captive breeding programs, reproductive in the winter, a plant eater
Although silver sword plants can be found on several Hawaiian islands islands or their most easily viewed is
Maui
NELHA (National energy lab of Hawaii) is the site for
Bringing deep cold nutrient rich ocean water to surface, mariculture of seaweed, mariculture of abalone, mariculture of fish.
