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Marine Science > Exam 1 chp 1-2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 chp 1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Branches of science

A

Geology
Zoology
Anthropology
Chemistry

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2
Q

Scientists use various tools of classification to organize and communicate their knowledge. True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

The Middle Ages were a time of booming scientific discoveries, t or f?

A

False

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4
Q

The ‘scientific method’ is used…..

A

By scientists all over the world.

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5
Q

Scientific method data comes from….

A

Experimentation and observation

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6
Q

Conclusions from the scientific method are always known from the very beginning of the experiment, true or false?

A

False

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7
Q

Who are some of the first Marine scientists from Europe to discover North America by boat.

A

The Vikings

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8
Q

Who is considered to be the first ocean scientist, although his voyages we’re not 100 percent science?

A

Captain Cook

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9
Q

The first, and widely known, marine expedition that was 100% scientific is there…

A

Challenger expedition

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10
Q

Scientific facts are things that are not always observable they can be based on what others say is true and may not always be repeatable, true or false?

A

False

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11
Q

Many scientific inventions by early cultures were lost to future generations and discovered again by someone else because…

A

Early cultures did not record and pass on their inventions

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12
Q

Which of the following are applied scientific discoveries made in the 1900s

A

Bombs
Tv
Drugs in vaccines
Space travel

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13
Q

Forming a hypothesis comes near the

A

Beginning of the scientific method

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14
Q

If the outcome of an experiment is different each time it is conducted the information from one trial can be used to state a scientific fact. True or false.?

A

False

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15
Q

Which of the following does not lend itself to science.

A

Evaluating a piece of art, judging her person looks, deciding whether decision is moral.

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16
Q

Who were the first marine scientist to travel around the Pacific ocean using natural phenomena as navigational tools?

A

The Polynesians

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17
Q

Which marine signed as proposed the theory of evolution afternoon early five years at sea exploring the oceans?

A

Charles Darwin

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18
Q

Which of the following expeditions is credited with proving the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Challenger expedition

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19
Q

Marine labs began as a place for scientist and their specimen to be houses after an ocean expedition and have evolved into international centers for marine research including educational out reach to the local community, true or false?

A

False

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20
Q

Remote-sensing, using transmitters and satellites, help marine scientist the most with…

A

Saving time with instant transmission of information

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21
Q

The big bang theory attempts to explain the origin of…

A

The universe

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22
Q

The first oceans on earth were

A

Salty

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23
Q

The marine environment, as we know it on earth, would very likely be found on any planet in our solar system, t or f?

A

False

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24
Q

Life forms on the bottom of the ocean are best described as being part of the…

A

Hydrosphere

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25
Q

Which of the following diving technologies has the greatest physiological dangerous to human from alterations to the body during high pressures…

A

ROV’s

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26
Q

Which of the following subdisciplines of marine science would most be involved with the lifeforms found in the ocean.

A

Biological oceanography

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27
Q

Which is the order from beginning to end of matter according to the big bang theory

A

Particles – hydrogen atoms-stars-novas

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28
Q

Temperature on early earth compared to today’s temperatures was…

A

Hot

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29
Q

The bottom of the ocean actual seafloor is best described as being part of the…

A

Geosphere (lithosphere)

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30
Q

A water sample taken from halfway between the top ocean and the bottom ocean would best be described as being part of the

A

Hydrosphere

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31
Q

What percent of the surface of the earth is covered with oceans

A

70%

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32
Q

Which of the following oceans is bordered by North and South America on one side and Europe and Africa on the other

A

Atlantic

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33
Q

What ocean is bordered by Africa Asia and Australia?

A

Indian

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34
Q

The fact that there are more icebergs in the north Atlantic ocean then in the North Pacific ocean is due to the fact that…

A

The North Pacific ocean is separated from the main area of ice (arctic) by the Bering Strait where is the north Atlantic Ocean is much more open to the Arctic.

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35
Q

The temperate areas of earth are found

A

30° to 60° both north and south as to separated areas

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36
Q

In which hemisphere is there more continental landmasses

A

Northern

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37
Q

Which of the following seas does not flow into the Atlantic ocean

A

Bering

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38
Q

Which of the following seas does not flow into the Indian Ocean

A

Bering

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39
Q

Which of the following is not always considered to be discrete ocean?

A

Antarctic (southern)

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40
Q

Which of the following oceans is bordered by North and South America on one side and Asia and Australia on the other?

A

Pacific

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41
Q

The Antarctic (or southern) ocean can only be thought of as the commingling of the most suddenly part of the following oceans

A

Atlantic
Indian
Pacific

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42
Q

The tropical areas of earth are found

A

Straddling the equator from 30° north to 30° South latitude

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43
Q

The polar areas of earth are found

A

60° to 90° both north and south as two separate areas

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44
Q

The Saragasso sea is in the

A

Atlantic ocean

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45
Q

The following seas do not flow into the Pacific ocean

A

Arabian Sea

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46
Q

Which of the following seas does not flow into the Arctic Ocean

A

Red Sea

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47
Q

Which of the following seas is connected to both the Arctic Ocean and Pacific ocean

A

Bering Sea

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48
Q

Which seafloor feature is always right next to the edges of the continents

A

The continental shelf

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49
Q

When an organism come pleat Lee live surrounded by water without touching anything it is considered

A

Pelagic

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50
Q

When an organism lives so that it is touching something like the ocean bottom it is considered

A

Benthic

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51
Q

Benthic organisms found on the continental slope are considered to be

A

Inner or outer shelf

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52
Q

Benthic organisms found in a marine trench system are considered to be

A

Hadal

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53
Q

The Galapagos islands are found in what ocean

A

Pacific

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54
Q

The deepest parts of the ocean are located at

A

A trench

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55
Q

Which of the following types of lifestyles means that an aquatic organisms has the ability to swim against a current

A

Nectonic

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56
Q

Pelagic organisms found in the open ocean where there is an abyssal plain, oceanic ridge/rise system, or trench are considered to be

A

Neritic

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57
Q

Benthic organisms found on the Abyssal plain are considered to be

A

Abyssal

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58
Q

Some marine organisms can be both benthic and pelagic during their life, true or false?

A

True

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59
Q

Taking samples of ocean water can be accomplished by all of the following except

A

Eckman grab

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60
Q

Which of the following samplers would be used best to sample a hard bottom like rock or coral

A

Peterson grab the standard model

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61
Q

If it is important to keep the stratification of the bottom sediment then the best piece of equipment to use would be the

A

Bottom correr

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62
Q

When plankton from any particular depth need sampling the best piece of equipment is the

A

Standard plankton net

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63
Q

Secession plates are used to sample

A

Organisms found on or near a line through a habitat

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64
Q

Transects are used to sample

A

Organisms found on or near a line through a habitat

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65
Q

A beach seine is used to sample

A

Organisms found next to a sandy or muddy shoreline

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66
Q

And Otter trawl

is used to sample

A

Organisms found next to a sandy or muddy Shoreline

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67
Q

Which of the following samplers does not need a Messenger in its operation

A

Surface sample bottle

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68
Q

When soft bottom sediments are sampled the small organisms living there can be separated from the settlement with the use of the

A

Wash bucket

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69
Q

Plankton that’s coming to variety of sizes to catch a variety of playing theaters the Nets are numbered such that the larger number that’s the catch what size plankters?

A

Smallest plankters

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70
Q

Once a plankton sample is taken which piece of equipment would be the best two divided into two equal portions

A

Folsome plankton splitter

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71
Q

Quadrates are used to sample

A

Organisms found within defined perimeter i.e. square, circle

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72
Q

A biological dredge is used to sample

A

Organisms found living on solid substrates act up i.e. rock, coral reef

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73
Q

And Isaac kid mid water trawl is used to sample

A

Organisms found in the middle of the water column (away from the shoreline)

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74
Q

Measuring the temperature of surface seawater went on the large vessel like a cruise liner is easily accomplished by the use of what when you can only use one’s own arm

A

Reversing thermometer

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75
Q

Measuring the temperature of subsurface the water collected by the water simpler called a Nansen bottle is accomplished by using

A

Reversing thermometer

76
Q

Which of the following chemical test kits is commonly used measurement tool for dissolved oxygen in seawater

A

Winkler titration

77
Q

Standard watercolor measurements made by marine scientist are made with the

A

Forel/Ule scale

78
Q

Which of the following cannot be used to measure ocean currents

A

Bathythermograph

79
Q

What equipment piece would be most helpful to a marine scientist who wants to describe the exact location of a sample

A

GPS unit

80
Q

Which of the following pieces of oceanographic equipment is the most accurate when measuring seawater salinity

A

Salinometer

81
Q

Standard visibility measurements made by marine scientist are vertical measurement and are made with the

A

Secchi disk

82
Q

Ocean floor depth measurements made by marine scientist are made with the

A

Sounder (lead line) and Fathometer

83
Q

Which microscope has the lowest magnification but would still be helpful and seeing details of marine creatures

A

Dissecting microscope

84
Q

The salinity of seawater fluctuates day by day in most places on earth true or false

A

False

85
Q

An average measurement for the salinity of seawater off the coast of California would be

A

35 o/oo (parts per thousand)

86
Q

Which central ocean area would have the greatest salt content

A

Central north Atlantic

87
Q

If a marine osmotic conformer were put in a bucket of freshwater what would happens

A

It’s cells with swell with water and possibly explode

88
Q

The temperature of the ocean water increases primarily because of

A

Icebergs

89
Q

Which area on earth generally has the warmest surface ocean water

A

Tropical area

90
Q

Which layer of ocean water is almost always very cold

A

Deep bottom water

91
Q

Which layer of ocean water is the greatest by volume

A

Deep bottom water

92
Q

A homeothermic or warm blooded marine organism would be adopted to long migrations going through oceans of the variety of temperatures compared to poikilothermic cold blooded marine organism true or false

A

True

93
Q

Dissolved oxygen levels increase in seawater primarily from

A

Plants during the day

94
Q

The types of salts that are found in seawater are

A

11 or so major ions
Always in the same proportion to each other
Predominately sodium and chloride
Measured as parts per thousand

95
Q

Increase and salinity is often due to the following except

A

Precipitation

96
Q

And asthmatic conformer would be

A

Unable to regulate its internal salt content,
A marine invertebrate,
And a marine algae.

97
Q

Which of the following marine organisms would be better adapted to migrate long distances an encounter a variety of salinities?

A

Osmotic regulator a.k.a. homeosmotic

98
Q

In the three layered ocean model of seawater temperature which area generally lacks the upper mixed layer

A

Polar area

99
Q

Which layer of ocean water is really affected by seasonal changes

A

Deep bottom water

100
Q

Which layer of ocean water changes in temperature getting colder as you go deeper

A

Main thermocline

101
Q

Cold blooded marine organisms are

A

Unable to regulate during internal body temperature, marine reptiles like sea turtles, marine algae, marine invertebrates

102
Q

Dissolved oxygen in seawater is

A

Used by organisms with gills to breathe

103
Q

When rain scientist measure dissolved nutrients they are measuring

A

N,P, and K which act as fertilizer for plants

104
Q

The pH of seawater is considered to be very

A

Stable with small fluctuations between 7.5 and 8.5

105
Q

The three-dimensional air circulation in earths atmosphere is divided in three cells in each hemisphere, which cells straddle the equator.

A

Hadley

106
Q

The name of the major wins on earth that blow from east to west in the tropics is the

A

Trades

107
Q

The Windward side of a temperate island would be on the

A

West

108
Q

The major ocean currents result from earths winds, obstruction of continental landmasses, and the Coriolis affect, making a general pattern that is

A
  • Clockwise in the northern hemisphere
  • Counter clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
  • Continually moving east around Antarctica
  • Rather still in the center of the North Atlantic, South Atlantic ,North Pacific, South Pacific and Indian oceans
109
Q

Deep ocean circulation is primarily from

A

Density differences in seawater a.k.a. Thermohaline circulation

110
Q

Upwelling areas increase amount of

A

Nutrients in surface waters

111
Q

The daily title cycle is primarily caused by gravitational force between earth and

A

The moon the sun the earth

112
Q

Mixed tides occur because of

A

The tilt, or declination, of earth relative to moon

113
Q

A tide pooling trip would be best planned during a

A

Neap tide

114
Q

Air is generally rising in that mess here at

A

The Equator (0 degrees)

115
Q

The Coriolis effect influences all long distance motion on earth I.e winds, currents, and airplane flights.
It’s effect is

A
  • Due to the rotation of the earth
  • to make movement veer right in the northern hemisphere
  • to make a movement veer left in the southern hemisphere
116
Q

The Windward side of a tropical island would be on the

A

East

117
Q

The greatest surface area of ocean exposed to wind occurs in the

A

Tropical areas

118
Q

Which current would be the warmest, fastest, deepest and narrowest

A

Western boundary current

119
Q

Upwelling areas are considered to be areas of

A

High productivity

120
Q

Title waves a.k.a. tsunami’s are produced by the tides true or false?

A

True

121
Q

Most places on earth have how many title cycles

A

2

122
Q

Spring tides occur

A

At first and third quarter moon

123
Q

During El Niño, nutrient levels in surface waters are

A

Low

124
Q

During a severe El Niño, lasting more than a year,which side of the tropical Pacific Ocean is higher than normal?

A

East

125
Q

El Niño of 1982-83 was

A

Historically one of the two strongest on record, using multi variate analysis

126
Q

El Niño is characterized by what type of thermocline

A

Strong

127
Q

Some species of organisms, notably terrestrial ones dependent on marine food) may benefit from in an El Niño, especially terrestrial herbivores. True or false

A

True

128
Q

Marine iguana pop in 82-83 ….

A

Declined

129
Q

A severe El Niño may cause desert areas to flood and normally wet areas to experience a draught. T/F?

A

True

130
Q

During a severe El Niño, many organisms that depend on the marine food chain.

A

Die
Lack food
Migrate
Become temp stressed

131
Q

El Niño conditions result primarily from

A

Weakening trade winds

132
Q

during an el nino, water temperatures in the eastern tropical pacific at and just below the equatore are
a. strongly increased
b strongly decrease
c about the same

A

a. strongly increased

133
Q

the galapagos islands are usually ___ by an el nino

a. nto affected
b. strongly affected

A

b. strongly affected

134
Q

we may feel warmer water in CA from an el nino only if it is severe enough for the ehat transfer from the tropics- our major North Pacific oocean ciruclation continues unaffected t/f?

A

True

135
Q

Niño affect on fish- eating birds ( sea birds)

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

B. Harmful

136
Q

Niño affect on fish eating sea lions

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

B. Harmful

137
Q

Niño affect on herbivorous land tortoises

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

A. Enhanced

138
Q

Niño affect on herbivorous land iguanas

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

A. Enhanced

139
Q

Niño affect on seed eating finches

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

Enhanced

140
Q

Niño affect on plankton eating coral above thermocline

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

B. Harmful

141
Q

Niño affect on plankton eating coral below thermocline

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

No change

142
Q

Niño affect on intertidal marine plants

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

B. Harmful

143
Q

Niño affect on plankton eating whales

a. Enhanced
b. Harmful
c. No change

A

B. Harmful

144
Q

the condition known as La Nina is associated with
a a “normal” or expected oceanographic condition
b warm oceanic conditions in the eastern pacific
c the opposite of el nino conditions (stronger winds, faster currents, and colder water in the eastern pacific)
d all of these are correct

A

c the opposite of el nino conditions (stronger winds, faster currents, and colder water in the eastern pacific)

145
Q

The solid outer layer of earth is called the crust and

A

Forms the continents and ocean bottom. May be referred to as the lithosphere

146
Q

Most of the bottom of the Pacific ocean is considered to be part of the

A

Pacific plate

147
Q

The oceanic ridge/rise System that goes down the center of the Atlantic ocean is called the

A

Mid Atlantic Ridge

148
Q

As you go out from the central Rift Valley the substrate gets older and older, both sides as mirror images, T/F?

A

True

149
Q

Which type of crust is Found underlying the ocean bottoms maybe called somatic and is denser than the others

A

Oceanic

150
Q

Ocean Ridge/rise systems are areas where plates are

A

Spreading apart

151
Q

The central rift valley of an oceanic ridge/rise system is where

A

Volcanism is common, ocean crust is diverging, a new crust is being made, a spreading center is located. All of these are correct

152
Q

Iceland is an island formed from

A

An oceanic ridge/rise coming to the surface

153
Q

Deep-sea trenches are areas where

A

Earthquakes occur both shallow and deep in the crust, plates are converging, crust is being melted, a subduction zone is located

154
Q

The motion of earths 12 major plates is estimated to be about

A

As fast as fingernails grow inches per year

155
Q

The concept of continental drift where the major continents have moved their position on earth due to plate tectonics has driving force attributed to

A

Seafloor spreading

156
Q

A hotspot is An

A

Area of volcanism generally in the middle of a plate

157
Q

Which ocean bottom type is composed of a large number of showpieces secreted by life forms

A

Bio genous

158
Q

Siliceous oozes are commonly

A

Found at tropical band in the Pacific Ocean, made up of millions of diatoms shells, mind by humans if a deposit can be easily accessed

159
Q

Magnese nodules could have economic importance because they contain

A

Metals

160
Q

Marine worms can change the bottom of the ocean by

A

Mixing the settlements, forming tubes which draw water and oxygen into the sediment, cementing the sediments together

161
Q

The ocean bottom along most continents is some type of rocky shore sandy beach or mud flat depending on the type of crusty material present the shorelines would be classified as

A

Terrogenous

162
Q

Most of earths deep-sea trenches are found in the

A

Pacific ocean

163
Q

Pangea is

A

The landmass when there was a single continent on Earth, postulated to be with the continents were located over 200 million years ago, the result of reversing the plate movement.

164
Q

Andesitic crust

A

Has characteristics of both continental and oceanic crust, occurs at island arcs, is often found on the continental side of a deep-sea trench

165
Q

The bottom of the ocean right next to the most continental landmassesis classified as

A

Terrogenous

166
Q

Calcareous oozes are not found below 4000 to 5000 m because

A

Calcium dissolves at depths greater than this

167
Q

Hydrogenous deposits of manganese nodules are found

A

Only at the surface of the bottom ocean

168
Q

Mining operations for manganese nodules are easy and profitable today

A

False

169
Q

A deposit feeder gets nutrition from ingesting sediments but it is the _____ that gives the organism the actual calories – the cleaned sediments are released in a fecal pellets of compact sediment

A

Organics between the sand/mud grains

170
Q

Hawaii is found at

A

A hotspot

171
Q

The Pacific plate is moving

A

Northwest in the area of the Hawaiian islands

172
Q

The most active volcano on the island of Hawaii is

A

Kilauea

173
Q

Recent lava flows on the island of Hawaii are in the

A

Southern area part of the island

174
Q

The youngest Hawaiian island is

A

Hawaii

175
Q

The newest geologically speaking area of volcanic activity in or near Hawaii is called

A

Loihi

176
Q

Hawaiian volcanoes are generally

A

Gently sloping shield shaped with somewhat gentle eruptions

177
Q

Blacksand beaches in Hawaii are formed by

A

Lava hitting the ocean and exploding into tiny, sharp black sediments and erosion of basalt into tiny black sentiments

178
Q

A kipuka is

A

And island of vegetation surrounded by lava flow

179
Q

An example of an endemic animal in Hawaii is

A

Nene goose

180
Q

Silversword plants in Hawaii

A

Live at high altitude’s, can live 30 to 40 years before they flower, die after producing 4 to 6 foot flower stocks, grow seeds.

181
Q

Although the Hawaiian islands are far from other large islands masses remote beaches may collect a large amount of

A

Plastic materials that have floated across the Pacific ocean

182
Q

The generation of electricity from when power is feasible in Hawaii because of the

A

Trade winds

183
Q

The Nene goose is

A

The state bird of Hawaii, being reintroduced to the wild from captive breeding programs, reproductive in the winter, a plant eater

184
Q

Although silver sword plants can be found on several Hawaiian islands islands or their most easily viewed is

A

Maui

185
Q

NELHA (National energy lab of Hawaii) is the site for

A

Bringing deep cold nutrient rich ocean water to surface, mariculture of seaweed, mariculture of abalone, mariculture of fish.

Marine Science (3 decks)

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