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EAPS 100 > Exam 1 Chapters I-3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapters I-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ch I

Hypothesis

A

An idea or theory that is unproven

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2
Q

Ch I

Theory

A

A well-tested and widely accepted view

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3
Q

Ch 1

Mineral

A

Any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

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4
Q

Ch 1

Silicates

A

A combination of oxygen and silicon which form the basic building blocks of the most common mineral group: silicates

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5
Q

Ch 1

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

A

A structure that consists of four oxygen ions that are covalently bonded to a comparatively smaller silicon ion forming a tetrahedron

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6
Q

Ch 1

Covalent bond

A

Involves the sharing of one or more electrons between two adjacent atoms

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7
Q

Ch 2

Magma

A

Forms by melting that occurs primarily within earth’s crust and upper mantle

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8
Q

Ch 2

Weathering

A

The slow disintegration and decomposition of rocks by the daily influences of the atmosphere

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9
Q

Ch 2

Metamorphism

A

“To change form”

A process that leads to changes in the mineralogy, texture (i.e. Grain size), and sometimes chemical composition of rocks subjected to high temperatures and pressures within Earth

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10
Q

Ch 2

Mineral Composition

A

Granitic, andesitic, basaltic

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11
Q

Ch 3

Mass wasting

A

The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity

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12
Q

Ch 3

Erosion

A

The physical removal of material by a mobile agent such as flowing water, waves, wind, or glacial ice

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13
Q

Ch 3

Deposition

A

The process by which water vapor is changed directly to a solid, without passing through the liquid state.

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14
Q

Ch 3

Deltas

A

A delta forms where a sediment-charged stream enters the relatively still waters of an ocean, lake, or inland sea. The forward motion slows and as the delta grows outward, the stream’s gradient lessens and the channel becomes choked with sediment

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15
Q

Ch 3

Porosity

A

The percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces

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16
Q

Ch 3

Aquifer

A

Permeable rock strata or sediments that transmit groundwater freely. They are the water-bearing layers sought after by well drillers.

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17
Q

Ch 4

Till

A

Unsorted material deposited directly by the ice

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18
Q

Ch 4

Moraine

A

Layers or ridges of till

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19
Q

Ch 4

Drift

A

Sediments of glacial origin

1) materials deposited directly by a glacier (till)
2) sediments laid down by glacial meltwater (stratified drift)

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20
Q

Ch 4

Loess

A

Deposits of windblown silt that are lacking visible layers, generally buff-colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff. Two primary sources: deserts and glacial deposits of stratified drift

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21
Q

Ch 5

Continental Drift

A

A theory which originally proposed that the continents are rafted about. It has essentially been replaced by the plate tectonic theory

22
Q

Ch 5

Divergent plate boundary

A

A region where the rigid plates are moving apart, typified by the mid-ocean ridges

23
Q

Ch 5

Convergent plate boundaries

A

A boundary in which two plates move together, causing one of the slabs of lithosphere to be consumed into the mantle as it descends beneath an overriding plate

24
Q

Ch 5

Transform plate boundary

A

A boundary in which two plates slide past one another without creating or destroying lithosphere

25
Q

Ch 5

Lithosphere

A

The rigid outer layer of earth including the crust and the upper mantle

26
Q

Ch 5

Asthenosphere

A

A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. It is flexible and can move very slowly

27
Q

Ch 5

Rift

A

A region of earth’s crust along which divergence is taking place

28
Q

Ch 5

Hot Spots

A

A concentration of heat in the mantle that is capable of producing magma, which in turn extrudes into Earth’s surface

29
Q

Ch 5

Convection Currents

A

The transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance which can take place only in fluids

30
Q

Ch 6

Earthquake

A

Vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy

31
Q

Ch 6

Fault

A

A break in a rock mass along which movement has occurred

32
Q

Ch 6

Magnitude

A

In seismology: the total amount of energy released during an earthquake

33
Q

Ch 6

Tsunamis

A

A rapidly moving ocean wave generated by earthquake activity that is capable of inflicting heavy damage in coastal regions

34
Q

Ch 6

Crust

A

The very thin outermost layer of earth

35
Q

Ch 6

Mantle

A

The 2900 km thick layer of earth located below the crust

36
Q

Ch 6

Core

A

The innermost layer of earth, based on composition. It is though to be largely an iron-nickel alloy, with minor amounts of oxygen, silicon, and sulfur

37
Q

Ch 6

Deformation

A

General term for the processes of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks

38
Q

Ch 7

Viscosity

A

A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

39
Q

Ch 7

Shield volcano

A

A broad, gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas

40
Q

Ch 7

Composite volcano

A

A volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material

41
Q

Ch 7

Caldera

A

A large depression typically caused by collapse or ejection of the summit area of a volcano

42
Q

Ch 7

Pyroclastics

A

The volcanic rock ejected during an eruption including ash, bombs, and blocks

43
Q

Ch 8

Relative Date

A

Rocks placed in their proper sequence or order of formation based on geologic principles

44
Q

Ch 8

The Principle of Superposition

A

Sediment that is on top is younger than sediment underneath it

45
Q

Ch 8

Cross-cutting relationships

A

A principle of relative dating which states that a rock or fault is younger than any rock or fault through which it cuts

46
Q

Ch 8

The principle of horizontality

A

A principle by which layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position

47
Q

Ch 8

Unconformities

A

A surface that represents a break in the rock record caused by erosion or nondeposition

48
Q

Ch 8

Index fossils

A

A fossil that is associated with a particular span of geologic time

49
Q

Ch 8

Correlation

A

The establishment of the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas

50
Q

Ch 8

Half-life

A

The time required for one-half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay

51
Q

Ch 8

Radioactivity

A

The process by which atomic nuclei spontaneously break apart. Used to calculate the ages of rocks and minerals that contain radioactive isotopes

EAPS 100 (1 decks)

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