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Pharmacology for professional nurses > Exam 1 (Chapters 1-6) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

First 5 “Rights”

A
  1. Right patient
  2. Right drug
  3. Right dose
  4. Right route
  5. Right time
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2
Q

Last 5 “Rights”

A
  1. Right reason
  2. Right documentation
  3. Right education
  4. Right evaluation
  5. Right to refuse
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3
Q

High alert medications (acronym and meaning)

A

PINCH

Potassium
Insulin
Narcotics
Chemo
Heparin
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4
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

a drug’s movement through the body, and the way the body uses and changes the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination)

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5
Q

Stages of pharmacokinetics (4)

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Elimination
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6
Q

Absorption: three drug entry routes

A
  1. Percutaneous (skin or mucous membranes)
  2. Enteral (through GI tract)
  3. Parenteral (injection or IV)
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7
Q

Factors that affect absorption (5)

A
  1. Route (percutaneous, enteral, parenteral)
  2. Dosage form (pill, liquid)
  3. Blood flow at administration site
  4. GI function
  5. Presence of food or other drugs
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8
Q

Factors that affect distribution (5)

A
  1. Adequacy of blood circulation - is it being moved
  2. Protein binding - what proteins it binds to
  3. Muscle or fat - where it is stored in the body
  4. Blood-brain barrier - does it cross or not
  5. Pregnancy/lactation - does it affect fetus or come out in breast milk
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9
Q

Factors that affect metabolism (3)

A
  1. Enzyme induction (accelerates metabolism)
  2. Enzyme inhibition (slows metabolism)
  3. First pass effect
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10
Q

Define drug metabolism and list where it occurs

A

The method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body

Occurs in liver, kidneys, lungs, red blood cells GI tract

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11
Q

Define drug distribution

A

Where the drug is carried within the body (via blood and tissue fluids)

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12
Q

Define drug absorption

A

Movement of the drug from outside of the body into the blood stream

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13
Q

Advantages (2) and disadvantages (1) of percutaneous route

A

Advantages:

  • Bi-passes the GI tract (important if drug broken down by GI tract)
  • Rapid absorption

Disadvantages:
- Absorption dependent on circulation

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14
Q

Advantages (2) and disadvantages (3) of enteral route

A

Advantages:

  • High patient acceptance
  • Convenient

Disadvantages:

  • Least predictable
  • Not all of the med gets absorbed (first pass loss)
  • Absorption dependent on motility
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15
Q

Advantages (3) and disadvantages (2) of parenteral route

A

Advantages:

  • Goes directly into blood stream
  • 100% bioavailable
  • Quickest absorption

Disadvantages:

  • More dangerous
  • Invasive
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16
Q

Define drug elimination and where it occurs

What happens if drug elimination is impaired

A

Elimination of the drug from the body

Occurs in intestinal tract, kidneys, lungs, and skin

If drug elimination is impaired it can lead to accumulation and toxicity

17
Q

Define serum drug level

A

The amount of drug in the blood at a particular time

18
Q

What is the MEC

A

Minimum effective concentration

The lowest serum level of a drug needed to intended action/effect

19
Q

Define duration of action

A

How long a drug remains at the MEC or higher (minimum effective concentration)

20
Q

Define steady state

A

The balance between drug entry and drug elimination

When the quantity of drug eliminated equals the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation in a given unit of time

21
Q

With regards to serum drug levels, define:

Half-life, peak, trough, toxic concentration

A

Half-life: time-span needed for half of the drug to be eliminated

Peak: the maximum blood level

Trough: the minimum blood level

Toxic concentration: excessive levels that may cause damage

22
Q

Define pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action

A

Pharmacodynamics: what a drug does to the body

Mechanism of action: exactly how a drug changes the activity of a cell

23
Q

Explain receptor theory

A

Drugs control the activity of a cell by acting on receptors

24
Q

Define agonists and antagonists

A

Agonists: drugs that bind to cell receptors and “turns on” intrinsic cell response

Antagonists: drugs that block receptors in the cell, preventing intrinsic cell response (may slightly bind but won’t activate)

25
Q

Name the drug-related variables that affect drug action (4)

A
  1. Dosage
  2. Route
  3. Drug-food interactions (like grapefruit juice)
  4. Drug-drug interactions
26
Q

Name the patient-related variables that affect drug action (7)

A
  1. Age
  2. Genetics
  3. Ethnicity
  4. Gender
  5. Pathologic conditions
  6. Psychological factors
  7. Tolerance
27
Q

What are adverse effects of drugs and what are some qualities of adverse effects (4)

A

Any undesired response to medication

Not the intended action
Do not occur in all patients
Can occur with normal dosing, but are more likely with high dosing

Can be used therapeutically

28
Q

What is a Black Box Warning and what should you do if you see one (2)

A

A notice that a drug may cause serious or life-threatening effects in certain people

Use only when benefits outweigh the risk
Monitor patient closely for adverse reactions

29
Q

What is a drug overdose and what can cause a drug overdose (dose/substance)?

A

Excessive amounts of a drug that can damage tissues

Can be caused by a single large dose or prolonged ingestion of smaller doses.

Can be caused by prescription medications, over the counter medications, alcohol, or illicit drugs.

30
Q

What do you do if you encounter someone who recently overdosed?
(Unresponsive and responsive)

A

If unresponsive: call 911

If responsive: call poison control

31
Q

What are the main goals of treatment during a drug overdose (3 main points, 3rd has 3 subpoints)?

A
  1. Start treatment as soon as possible after ingestion
  2. Support and stabilize vital functions
  3. Prevent further damage by:
    - Reducing absorption
    - Increasing elimination
    - Administering antidotes when possible

Pharmacology for professional nurses (1 decks)

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