Exam 1: Chapters 1 - 5 Flashcards
What is nursing?
Profession that focuses on the holistic person receiving healthcare services and provides a unique contribution to the prevention of illness and maintenance of health.
The word nurse originated from the Latin word nutix, which means?
To nourish.
What is the science of nursing?
Knowledge used in nursing.
What is the art of nursing?
The application of knowledge.
Who was the first trained nurse in the U.S.?
Linda Richards
Who was the founder of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
Who was the first African American nurse?
Mary Elizabeth Mahoney
Who founded the Red Cross?
Clara Barton
In what year was the Red Cross founded?
1882
The Benedictine Order….
Was the entry of men into nursing.
What was the Goldmark Report?
Concluded that nursing education needed financial support and suggested that such support be given to university schools of nursing.
What was the Lysaught Report?
Called for clarification of nursing roles and responsibilities in relation to those of other healthcare professionals.
Who was Harriet Tubman?
A nurse and an abolitionist; active in the Underground Railroad movement before joining the Union Army during the civil war.
Who was Lavinia Dock?
A nursing leader and women’s rights activist; instrumental in the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote.
After the Crusades, large cities began to develop. The growth of large cities led to certain health problems. These health problems included?
Over crowding, disease and illness, poor ventilation.
During the Middle Ages, secular groups were formed. These groups included:
Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony
Misericordia in Italy
Alexian Brothers
In what century did F. Nightingale bring about major reforms in nursing?
19th Century
What two nurses opened up Henry Street Settlement?
Mary Bruster and Lillian Wald
What was Henry Street Settlement?
Focused on health needs of New York’s poor living in tenements.
Who is considered the founder of Public Health Nursing?
Lillian Wald
Who was the first professor of nursing?
May Adelaide Nutting
What are the 4 aims of nursing?
promote health
prevent illness
restore health
facilitate coping with disability or death
Name the roles of a nurse:
advocate educator/teacher, communicator care giver ** Counselor Leader Researcher
What are the 7 criteria that make nursing a profession?
well-defined body of specific & unique knowledge
strong service orientation
recognized authority by a professional group
code of ethics
professional organization that sets standards
ongoing research
autonomy
What are the 2 types of nurses?
LPN & RN
NSNA
student nurse association
ICN
provides a way for nursing organizations to work together, maintains high standards of nursing, education, and ethics.
ANA
comprised of the state nurses’ associations.
NLN
open to all people interested in nursing
AACN
national voice for BSN and higher degree education programs
What are the 5 parts of the nursing process?
A.D.P.I.E. assessment diagnosis planning implementing evaluating
What are Maslow’s 5 basic human needs?
physiologic safety and security love and belonging self-esteem self-actualization
self-concept does impact health
Of all the physiologic needs, which one is the most essential?
Oxygen
Maslow’s hierarch of basic human needs is useful when planning and implementing nursing care and it provides a structure for?
Establishing priorities of care
Which of the levels of basic human needs is most basic?
physiologic
What if family?
people who live together
Nuclear family
Immediate family: parents + kids
Traditional family
Mom + Dad + Kids
Blended Family
Remarried + kids
Extended Family
Family + grandparents
Cohabiting family
Parents living together not married.
Binuclear family
Family that’s divorced but share joint custody.
Dyadic family
husband + wife…no kids
What are the 5 functions of the family?
Physical economic reproductive affective and coping socialization
Where do individuals learn their health beliefs and values?
family
What does cultural diversity include?
Differences between people. Any kind of differences.
What is culture?
Shared system of beliefs or values between a group of people
What is a subculture or subgroup?
Large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group.
What is the dominant group?
The group that has the most authority and control within a culture.
What is the minority group?
a smaller group of people within a culture. A physical or cultural characteristic identifies the people as different.
What is cultural assimilation?
Minorities within a dominant group that start to lose the characteristics or traits that made them different.
What is acculturation?
Same as cultural assimilation; an older term
What are the values of the dominant group?
youth, fitness, community, independence, self-reliance, work, duty, consciousness, assets, technology, ownership.
What is culture shock?
The feelings a person experiences when placed in a different culture.
What is ethnicity?
Sense of personal identification within a group.
What is race?
Specific characteristics of an individual.
Are race and ethnicity the same?
No
What are the 3 race classifications?
Caucasian
Negroid
Mongoloid
The Mongoloid race includes what groups of people?
Asia
Japan
Korea
China
What 4 factors affect cultural sensitivity?
Stereotyping
Cultural imposition
Cultural blindness
Cultural conflict
What is stereotyping?
making assumptions about all member of one group.
What is cultural imposition?
Belief that all people should conform to the ways of the majority. Similar term is ethnocentrism.
What is cultural blindness?
Ignoring the differences between cultures.
What is cultural conflict?
Ridicule of others when feeling threatened by different belief system than one’s own.
Cultural influences on healthcare include?
Physiologic variations reactions to pain mental health gender roles language and communication orientation to space and time food and nutrition family support socioeconomic factors
What are 3 examples of physiological characteristics?
American Indians/Alaska Natives: heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, DM, FAS.
African Americans: HRN, stroke, sickle cell anemia, lactose intolerance, keloids.
Asian/Pacific Islanders: HTN, liver cancer, lactose intolerance, thalassemia.
What are keloids and in what race of people is this found?
Raised scar; African Americans.
What is lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance and in what race of people is this disorder found?
Intolerance: cannot tolerate dairy.
Asian, African, Thai, Chinese
What is sickle cell anemia and in what race of people is this disorder found?
RBC shaped like a sickle due to lack of O2.
African Americans
Do all people react the same when they are in pain?
No!
Pain is whatever the patient says it is whenever they say it exists.
What is personal space?
area around an individual.
T/F: The nurse should always ask the patient about individual food preferences.
True
What is the feminization of poverty?
Single moms are head of the house and are predominantly poor.
What is the culture of poverty?
Thought that poverty is passed down from one generation to the next.
Do cultural influences in illness include religion?
Yes
What is cultural congruent care?
Care that respects the culture of the patient.
What is ethnocentrism?
Belief that one’s ideas beliefs and practices are superior to that of others. Similar to cultureal imposition.
Book definition of ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s own ideas, beliefs, and practices are best, superior, or most preferred to those of others.
Book definition of cultural imposition
tendency of some to impose their beliefs, practices, and values on another culture because they believe that their ideas are superior to those of another person or group.
How do you develop cultural awareness?
Get rid of prejudice, stereotyping, and biases about others.
How do you develop cultural knowledge?
Make getting educated about other cultures intentional.
What do you do when you accommodate cultural practices in healthcare?
You are sensitive to cultural practices and needs if it’s not contraindicated.
What is health?
State of complete physical, mental, and spiritual well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
What is disease?
A pathological change in structure or function of the body or mind. Ex: diabetes, cancer
What is illness?
The unique response of a person to a disease. Ex: appendicitis, common cold, pneumonia
What are the 4 stages of illness?
Experiencing sx (recognition of one or more sx)
Assuming sick role (focusing on sx and addressing them)
Assuming dependent role (accepting dx and tx)
Achieving recover & rehabilitation (give up dep. role and resume normal activities/responsibilities)
What is chronic illness?
A broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations.
Permanent change caused by irreversible effects. Ex: diabetes, COPD
Remission: no s/s
Exacerbation: s/s return
What are some of the effects of illness on the family?
Roles change
Agent-Host-Environmental model of health and illness
Agent: the disease
Host: infected person or living organism
Environment: anything external to the host that sets the stage for the agent to infect the host.
All 3 must be present
Health-illness continuum model of health and illness
Health is dynamic and constantly changing.
high-level wellness model of health and illness
Dunn’s model
Total person
Distinguished between good health and high-level wellness
Maximum potential or the PT’s strengths
Health belief model of health and illness
Rosenstock
Focused on what people perceive or believe to be true about their health, perceived benefits, and perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility.
What nursing theorist developed the health promotion model?
Nola Pender
What factors affect health and illness?
Environment, access to care, nutrition, exercise….
What is a risk factor?
Anything that makes you susceptible to illness or disease
Can come risk factors be modified?
Yes. Diet, smoking, drinking, environmental
What risk factors cannot be changed?
Age, Sex, Race, Genetics
What is a basic need?
Anything that sustains life. Water, food, oxygen, shelter
Does self-concept influence health and illness?
Yes.
What are the 3 levels of preventive care?
Primary prevention: diet, exercise
Secondary care: self-exams, screenings
Tertiary Care: medication, physical treatment
What is knowledge?
An awareness of the reality one acquires through learning or investigation.
What are the sources of knowledge?
Traditional: passed generationally (BED MAKING)
Authoritative: comes from expert (F/E lecture)
Scientific: arrived at through scientific method (Research)
What are the types of knowledge?
Science: knowledge in and of nursing
Philosophy: study of wisdom
Process: conceptual frameworks and theories
Historical influences: F. Nightingale. 1st nurse researcher, efficient knowledgeable nursing care, defined nursing as being distinct from medicine, diff. health from illness.
Societal influences: F. Nightingale opened the first school of nursing.
Common wisdom / common sense
What is a theory?
a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality. Theories can be tested to see if they are true. They can be changed. They are used to guide research.
What is deductive reasoning?
It examines general ideas and considers specific actions. Moves from general to specific.
What is inductive reasoning?
Build from specific ideas or actions to general. Moves from specific to general.
What are concepts?
An idea or abstract impression. A group of concepts make up a theory.
What is a conceptual framework or model?
Comes from theory. Usually depict or try to explain the theory. May include diagrams or pictures.
What is nursing theory?
Directs nurses toward a common goal to restore / improve health. It leads to improved patient care and provides logic and rational reasons for nursing actions, gives nurses knowledge base, helps resolve current nursing issues, serves research, education, and practice.
General systems theory
theory for universal application. Focuses on or describes how you break things down into parts and how those parts come together to form a whole/system; how they operate. Ex: Nursing & body systems.
Adaptation theory
how living things adjust in the environment.
Developmental Theory
Focuses on growth and development. Erickson and Maslow.
What are the 4 concepts common in nursing theory?
Person
environment
Health
Nursing
Of the 4 concepts common in nursing theory, which concept is the most important?
Person
What is research?
Examination of something that is then searched again.
The systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to solve problems or answer questions.
What is data?
What we collect with our instruments.
What is nursing research?
The systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to solve problems or answer questions about nursing.
Goals: develop explanation, find solutions to problems, improve the care of PTs in the clinical setting, education, policy, research.
What are the 2 methods of nursing research? What is the difference?
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative: involves concepts of basic and applied research.
Qualitative: conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings based on the belief that reality is based on various and differing perceptions.
Difference: quantitative uses numbers and qualitative uses words.
What is basic research?
Pure research.
Not directly useful in practice.
What is applied research?
Practical research.
Directly influences or improves clinical practice.
What are the 4 types of quantitative research?
Descriptive: describes
Correlational: looks at relationships
Quasi-experimental: cause and effect
Experimental: focuses on cause and effect in a highly controlled setting such as a lab. One of the highest forms of research done is experimental.
What are the steps of the quantitative research process?
State the research problem define the purpose of the study review the literature hypothesis state the research design select population sample collect data communicate findings/conclusions publish for peer review & do presentations
What are the qualitative research methods?
Phenomenology: describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects.
Grounded theory: people describe their own reality.
Ethnography: rooted in anthropology, centered on culture.
Historical: when we examine events of the past to try to understand the nursing profession today.
What is a variable?
Factors in a research study.
Dependent variable
Variable being studied Ex: asthma
Independent variable
variable that can be manipulated Ex: exercise
What is an instrument?
a tool used to measure things that cannot be otherwise measured. Used with anxiety, pain, homophobia, etc.
What is evidence-base practice?
a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available.
What are the sections of a research journal?
Title & Author(s)
Abstract: summary, purpose, etc.
Introduction: review of literature, statement of purpose
Method: subjects, design,, data collection, data analysis
Results: findings
Discussion (conclusions): reports what results mean
References: at the end of the article.
Theory of animism
Attempt to explain natural phenomena in bodily changes.
Current trends in nursing
Nursing shortage Evidence-based practice Community based nursing Decreased hospital stay Aging population Increase in chronic care conditions Independent nursing practice Culturally competent care
What is the largest subculture of the healthcare system?
Nursing
Acute illness
Rapid onset of sx, lasts relatively short time.
