Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the body’s structure
Gross Anatomy
Study of the larger structures of the body-visible without magnification
Microscopic Anatomy
Study of structures you can only see under a microscope
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissue
Regional Anatomy
Study of interrelationships of ll structures in a specific body region.
Systemic Anatomy
Study of structures that make up a discrete body system (one organ at a time)
Physiology
Study of the Body’s Function
Homeostasis
State of steady internal conditions
Levels of organization in the body
Subatomic Particles
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
Biosphere
Cell
Smallest functioning unit of a living organism
Organelles
Mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi Body
Tissue
Group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
Organ
Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types
Organ Systems
Group of Organs that work together to perform major functions
Integumentary System
Internal Body structures-sensory receptors-Hair skin nails
Skeletal System
Supports the body- enables movement- Cartilage, bones, Joints
Muscular System
Enables movement-helps maintain temperature-Skeletal muscles, tendons
Nervous System
Detects and processes sensory information- activates bodily responses-Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones- Regulates bodily processes- Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries
Cardiovascular System
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues- Equalizes temp in the body- Heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Returns fluid to blood- defends against pathogens- thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
Respiratory System
Removes Carbon Dioxide from the body- delivers oxygen to the blood- nasal passage, trachea, lungs
Digestive System
Processes food for use by body- removes wastes from undigested foods- stomach, liver, gall bladder, and intestines
Urinary System
Controls water balance in the body- removes wastes from blood and excretes the- kidneys, urinary bladder
Male/Female Reproductive System
Produces sex hormones and gametes- Male: Delivers gametes to female-Epididymus, testes
Female: Supports embryo till birth- produces milk for infant- mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
Functional Morphology
Structure and reason for the structure From follows function
Macromolecules
Clusters of molecules-DNA/RNA
Organism
Living being that has cellular structure and can independently perform functions for life
Metabolism
Sum of all the body’s chemical reactions- energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change form
Anabolism
Assembly of complex molecules from simpilar molecules- small to big- combine
Catabolism
Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules- energy released by break bonds.
Responsiveness
Ability of an organism to adjust to changes in it’s environment- temp
Movement
Blood cells delivering O2- mucles helping balance
Development
All of the changes the body goes through in life
Differentiation
Unspecialized celss become specialized in structure and function
Growth
Increase in the body’s size- number of cells grow
Reproduction
Formation of a new organism from parent organisms
Nutrients
A substance in foods and drinks that is essential to human survival
Micronurients
Vitamins and Minerals
Pressure
Force exerted by one sustenance to another
Dynamic Homeostasis
More than one form of monitoring at a given time (multiple at once)
Set Point
Physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
Normal Range
Restricted set of values that is optimal
Negative Feedback
Mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point- normal day to day things (has three compounds- sensor, control center, effector)
Sensor
Receptor that monitors physiological values and reports to the control center
Control Center
Compares the value to the normal range-deviates too much from set point the control center activates effector
Effector
causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range
Positive Feedback
Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reverses it- childbirth and blood loss- activated when needed
X-Ray
High energy electromagnetic radiation- penetrates solids and ionizes gas- noninvasive- bones and teeth
Computed Tomography (CT)
non invasive imaging hat uses computer to analyze several cross sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details in the body-Slice
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Imaging technique based on the phenomenon of nuclear physics- exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves- moment to moment change
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Imaging technique involving the use of so called radiopharmaceuticals- emit short lived radiation-drink/inject it- most dangerous cause use of gamma rays
Ultrasonography
Imaging technique that uses the transmission of high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real time image.
Invasive
Insert camera or something into the Body
Noninvasive
No penetration of the body
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Mass
Amount of matter contained in an object
Element
Pure Sustenance that is distinguished from all other matter by fact that it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemicals means
Weight
Mass affected by the pull of gravity
Compound
Substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds
Atom
Smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element
Subatomic Particles
Proton (+ positive)
Neutron (= Neutral)
Electron (- negative)
Atomic Number
Number of protons and electrons in the nucleus
Mass Number
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotope
One of the different forms of an element- different numbers of neutrons in the nuclues
Radioactive Isotope
isotope whose nucleus readily deccls, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy
Electron shell
layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level
Valence Shell
An Atom’s outer most electron shell-if its full its stable, if not its reactive
Octet Rule
Atoms will give up, gain, or share electrons with another so it ends up with 8 electrons.
Bond
A weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity
Ion
Atom with an overall positive or negative charge
Cation
Atom with a positive charge (If it lost electrons)
Anion
Atom with a negative charge (Gained an electron)
Ionic Bond
Loses or gains an electron
Covalent Bond
Shares an electron- do not lose or gain
Polar molecule
Molecule that contains regions that have opposite elcetrical charges
Hydrogen Bonds
Formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another from a different molecule- always include hydrogen
Compound
Two or more different atoms held together by bonds
Kinetic Energy
Form of energy powering any type of matter in motion (building stuff)
Potential Energy
Energy of position or the energy matter processes because of the position or structure of it’s components.
Chemical Energy
Form of potential energy in which energy is stored in a chemical bond.
Exergonic
Chemical Reaction releases more energy than it can absorb
Endergonic
Absorb more energy than they can release
Mechanical Energy
Stored in physical system-directly powers the movement of matter
Radiant Energy
Emitted and Transmitted as waves rather than matter- electromagnetic spectrum
Electrical Energy
Supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids- impulses in nerve and muscle cells
Reactant
One or more substances that enter into the reaction
Product
One or more substances produced by the reaction
Synthesis Reaction
Chemical reaction that results in the joining of compounds- N+3H=NH3
Decomposition Reaction
Breaks down AB-> A+B
Exchange Reaction
Both Synthesis and decomposition
A+BC-> AB+C
AB+CD->AC+BD
Concentration
number of particles in the space
Catalyst
Substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any change
Enzymes
A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Activation Energy
Threshold level of energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants
Inorganic Compounds
Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (H2O, HCL, CO2)
Organic Compounds
Substance that contains both Carbon and Hydrogen (synthesized via covalent bonds)
3 groups
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Water
major component of the body’s lubrication- joints, lungs, food flow.
Heat Sink
Substance or object that absorb and dissipates heat
Mixtures
Combination of two or more substances each of which maintains its own chemical identity
Flour and sugar
Solution
Consists of a solvent (does the dissolving) of a solute (Dissolves)
Homogeneous
Solute molecules distributed evenly throughout the solution
Colloid
Mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution- thyroid hormone
Dehydration Synthesis
On reactant gives up an atom f hydrogen and another reactant gives up a hydroxl group
Hydrolysis
Molecule of water disrupts a compound breaking its bonds- water splits into H and OH
Acid
Substance that releases Hydrogen ions (H+) in solution- positively charged hydrogen is just a proton
Bases
Substance that releases Hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution or one that accepts H+ already present.
