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Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 (Chapters1-3) > Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the body’s structure

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of the larger structures of the body-visible without magnification

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of structures you can only see under a microscope

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4
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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6
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Study of interrelationships of ll structures in a specific body region.

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7
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of structures that make up a discrete body system (one organ at a time)

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8
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the Body’s Function

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of steady internal conditions

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10
Q

Levels of organization in the body

A

Subatomic Particles
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
Biosphere

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11
Q

Cell

A

Smallest functioning unit of a living organism

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12
Q

Organelles

A

Mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi Body

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13
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

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14
Q

Organ

A

Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types

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15
Q

Organ Systems

A

Group of Organs that work together to perform major functions

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16
Q

Integumentary System

A

Internal Body structures-sensory receptors-Hair skin nails

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17
Q

Skeletal System

A

Supports the body- enables movement- Cartilage, bones, Joints

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18
Q

Muscular System

A

Enables movement-helps maintain temperature-Skeletal muscles, tendons

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19
Q

Nervous System

A

Detects and processes sensory information- activates bodily responses-Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.

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20
Q

Endocrine System

A

Secretes hormones- Regulates bodily processes- Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries

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21
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues- Equalizes temp in the body- Heart, blood vessels

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22
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Returns fluid to blood- defends against pathogens- thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

Respiratory System

A

Removes Carbon Dioxide from the body- delivers oxygen to the blood- nasal passage, trachea, lungs

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24
Q

Digestive System

A

Processes food for use by body- removes wastes from undigested foods- stomach, liver, gall bladder, and intestines

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25
Q

Urinary System

A

Controls water balance in the body- removes wastes from blood and excretes the- kidneys, urinary bladder

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26
Q

Male/Female Reproductive System

A

Produces sex hormones and gametes- Male: Delivers gametes to female-Epididymus, testes
Female: Supports embryo till birth- produces milk for infant- mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

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27
Q

Functional Morphology

A

Structure and reason for the structure From follows function

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28
Q

Macromolecules

A

Clusters of molecules-DNA/RNA

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29
Q

Organism

A

Living being that has cellular structure and can independently perform functions for life

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30
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all the body’s chemical reactions- energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change form

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31
Q

Anabolism

A

Assembly of complex molecules from simpilar molecules- small to big- combine

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32
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules- energy released by break bonds.

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33
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability of an organism to adjust to changes in it’s environment- temp

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34
Q

Movement

A

Blood cells delivering O2- mucles helping balance

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35
Q

Development

A

All of the changes the body goes through in life

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36
Q

Differentiation

A

Unspecialized celss become specialized in structure and function

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37
Q

Growth

A

Increase in the body’s size- number of cells grow

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38
Q

Reproduction

A

Formation of a new organism from parent organisms

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39
Q

Nutrients

A

A substance in foods and drinks that is essential to human survival

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40
Q

Micronurients

A

Vitamins and Minerals

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41
Q

Pressure

A

Force exerted by one sustenance to another

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42
Q

Dynamic Homeostasis

A

More than one form of monitoring at a given time (multiple at once)

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43
Q

Set Point

A

Physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

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44
Q

Normal Range

A

Restricted set of values that is optimal

45
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point- normal day to day things (has three compounds- sensor, control center, effector)

46
Q

Sensor

A

Receptor that monitors physiological values and reports to the control center

47
Q

Control Center

A

Compares the value to the normal range-deviates too much from set point the control center activates effector

48
Q

Effector

A

causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range

49
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reverses it- childbirth and blood loss- activated when needed

50
Q

X-Ray

A

High energy electromagnetic radiation- penetrates solids and ionizes gas- noninvasive- bones and teeth

51
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

non invasive imaging hat uses computer to analyze several cross sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details in the body-Slice

52
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Imaging technique based on the phenomenon of nuclear physics- exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves- moment to moment change

53
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Imaging technique involving the use of so called radiopharmaceuticals- emit short lived radiation-drink/inject it- most dangerous cause use of gamma rays

54
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Imaging technique that uses the transmission of high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real time image.

55
Q

Invasive

A

Insert camera or something into the Body

56
Q

Noninvasive

A

No penetration of the body

57
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

58
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter contained in an object

59
Q

Element

A

Pure Sustenance that is distinguished from all other matter by fact that it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemicals means

60
Q

Weight

A

Mass affected by the pull of gravity

61
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds

62
Q

Atom

A

Smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

63
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Proton (+ positive)
Neutron (= Neutral)
Electron (- negative)

64
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons and electrons in the nucleus

65
Q

Mass Number

A

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

66
Q

Isotope

A

One of the different forms of an element- different numbers of neutrons in the nuclues

67
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

isotope whose nucleus readily deccls, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy

68
Q

Electron shell

A

layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level

69
Q

Valence Shell

A

An Atom’s outer most electron shell-if its full its stable, if not its reactive

70
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms will give up, gain, or share electrons with another so it ends up with 8 electrons.

71
Q

Bond

A

A weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

72
Q

Ion

A

Atom with an overall positive or negative charge

73
Q

Cation

A

Atom with a positive charge (If it lost electrons)

74
Q

Anion

A

Atom with a negative charge (Gained an electron)

75
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Loses or gains an electron

76
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Shares an electron- do not lose or gain

77
Q

Polar molecule

A

Molecule that contains regions that have opposite elcetrical charges

78
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another from a different molecule- always include hydrogen

79
Q

Compound

A

Two or more different atoms held together by bonds

80
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Form of energy powering any type of matter in motion (building stuff)

81
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy of position or the energy matter processes because of the position or structure of it’s components.

82
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Form of potential energy in which energy is stored in a chemical bond.

83
Q

Exergonic

A

Chemical Reaction releases more energy than it can absorb

84
Q

Endergonic

A

Absorb more energy than they can release

85
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Stored in physical system-directly powers the movement of matter

86
Q

Radiant Energy

A

Emitted and Transmitted as waves rather than matter- electromagnetic spectrum

87
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids- impulses in nerve and muscle cells

88
Q

Reactant

A

One or more substances that enter into the reaction

89
Q

Product

A

One or more substances produced by the reaction

90
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Chemical reaction that results in the joining of compounds- N+3H=NH3

91
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

Breaks down AB-> A+B

92
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Both Synthesis and decomposition
A+BC-> AB+C
AB+CD->AC+BD

93
Q

Concentration

A

number of particles in the space

94
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any change

95
Q

Enzymes

A

A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA)

96
Q

Activation Energy

A

Threshold level of energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants

97
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (H2O, HCL, CO2)

98
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Substance that contains both Carbon and Hydrogen (synthesized via covalent bonds)
3 groups
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins

99
Q

Water

A

major component of the body’s lubrication- joints, lungs, food flow.

100
Q

Heat Sink

A

Substance or object that absorb and dissipates heat

101
Q

Mixtures

A

Combination of two or more substances each of which maintains its own chemical identity
Flour and sugar

102
Q

Solution

A

Consists of a solvent (does the dissolving) of a solute (Dissolves)

103
Q

Homogeneous

A

Solute molecules distributed evenly throughout the solution

104
Q

Colloid

A

Mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution- thyroid hormone

105
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

On reactant gives up an atom f hydrogen and another reactant gives up a hydroxl group

106
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Molecule of water disrupts a compound breaking its bonds- water splits into H and OH

107
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases Hydrogen ions (H+) in solution- positively charged hydrogen is just a proton

108
Q

Bases

A

Substance that releases Hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution or one that accepts H+ already present.

109
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 (Chapters1-3) (1 decks)

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