Exam 1 - Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of form
Physiology
study of function
Levels of biological organization
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
3 principles of cell theory
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- All cells are produced from other cells.
Anabolic
a building reaction when we build new cells and tissues
(Ex. Body being in a starved state)
Catabolic
How we break down reactions and release energy and use it to move and grow all cellular activity.
(Ex. Your body after a calorie heavy meal)
Afference
Response to stimuli
(Your senses)
Efference
Cellular movement
(Ex. Muscle contracting)
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
Which type of feedback is more common in maintaining homeostasis?
Negative feedback
Example of Negative Feedback Loop
Blood pressure, Maintaining body temperature
Example of Positive Feedback Loop
Blood clotting, giving birth
Hypertrophy
when individual cells get larger
Hyperplasia
when the number of cells increase
Four main catergories of macromolecles
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
Concentration gradient
When chemicals flow Down
What determines the atomic number of an element?
Protons
How do you find mass number
Number of electrons
4 forces/bonds that atoms and molecules can exhibit
- Van der Waals force
- Hydrogen bond
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
What are positively charged ions called?
Cation
Negatively charged ions called?
Anion
What differs in an isotope
Number of neutrons
Does the atomic number change in isotopes?
No
What bond does water form
It forms hydrogen and covalent bonds
What can water dissolve
It can dissolve solutes
adhesion
When water molecules are attracted to foreign surfaces and cling to those surfaces
Cohesion
water molecule to water molecule attraction
Less than 7 pH
acidic
More than 7 pH
basic
dehydration synthesis
taking out the water to dehydrate and synthesize to make a larger molecule
Hydrolysis
Adding water so we can split a larger molecule apart into smaller molecules
Do lipids dissolve in water?
Hydrophobic, don’t dissolve well in water, has lots of C, H; Few O
Polysaccharide
many glucose are put together they form glycogen or starch
What 3 elements are lipids made of?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
what are the storage form of lipids called, and what makes them up?
Triglyceride and Saturated and Unsaturated fats
3 Functions of lipids
- secondary energy source
- formation of communications molecules - steroids and prostaglandins
- structural component like phospholipids we find in the plasma membrane.
amphipathic and what molecule is a amphipathic
Phospholipid
Amphipathic - being both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
what do amino acids form
Proteins
What drives passive transport in cell membranes?
Concentration gradients
Passive transport
Doesn’t use energy
Active transport
Uses carrier protein, includes pumps, goes against gradient
How many ions are pumped in the sodium-potassium pump
3 sodium outside cell and 2 potassium inside cell
which component of the cytoskeleton functions to transport cargo throughout the cell, much like a highway?
Microtubules
Organelle directly attached to the nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Er
produces steroids and detoxes
Rough ER
protein production
synthesizes proteins need to travel in order to be modified for exocytosis
Golgi apparatus
what do microfilaments do, what is the most common microfilament
a. movement of membranes
b. Micovilli
