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NTRI 2000 > Exam 1: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

breaking down larger molecules to smaller

A

catabolic

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2
Q

synthesizing larger molecules from smaller

A

anabolic

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3
Q

catabolic and anabolic processes are constantly occurring in all cells of the body. Therefore, cells require a constant supply of ______ such as…..as well as _____

A

nutrients; carbohydrates, protein, fat, water, minerals, vitamins
oxygen

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4
Q

cells are organized into _____ that perform specialized tasks

A

tissues

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5
Q

Tissues grouped together to form _____

A

organs

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6
Q

Organs work together as part of _____ _____

A

body systems

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7
Q

basic structure and functional unit of life

A

cell

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8
Q

Body is composed of ______ of cells
each cell is a ____-_____, ______ entity
each cell requires ______ and ______
specialized to perform particular _____

A

trillions
self-contained, living
nutrients, oxygen
functions

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9
Q

Nutritionally important components of the cell include _____ and ______ that include…..

A

cell membrane
organelles
-nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes

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10
Q

Each cell is separated by a ____ _____

animal cells don’t have a ____ _____

A

cell membrane

cell wall

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11
Q

The ______ ______ in the cell membrane does the passage of substances and identification of structures

A

phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

_______ is a part of each cell membrane

- provides rigidity and stability

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

fluid material holding organelles within the cells

minimal energy production

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

“power plant”
major site for energy production (as ATP)
transform breakdown products of carbs, fats, proteins into usable energy for the cell
All cells but red blood cells contain this

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

This organelle contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

This organelle is the place of endogenous fat synthesis and calcium storage

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

packaging site for protein export

A

Golgi complex

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18
Q

cell’s digestive system

uses enzymes to digest worn-out or damaged cell components

A

lysosomes

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19
Q

uses enzymes to detoxify harmful chemicals

A

peroxisomes

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20
Q

directs protein synthesis and cell diffusion
contains cell’s genetic material as DNA
-packaged in chromosomes
-DNA sequence codes for genes; genes code for important proteins
-“messenger” molecule called RNA carries DNA information to other organelles

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Process where DNA is copied onto RNA

A

transcription

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22
Q

RNA can move out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm carrying the copied DNA code to ribosomes. In the ribosomes, the RNA template is used to make specific proteins in a process called ______

A

translation

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23
Q

Genes affect how the body handles _____ and these in turn affect _____ _____

A

nutrients

gene expression

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24
Q

complete set of ____ in each cell

These turned off or on at certain times determine what kind of cell it becomes

A

genes

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25
Q

gene variations include what?

A

inborn error of metabolism

influence of nutrients

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26
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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27
Q

this tissue cover surfaces inside/outside the body

-also secrete substances, absorb nutrients, excrete wastes

A

epithelial

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28
Q

this tissue supports/protects, stores fat, and produces red blood cells

A

connective

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29
Q

this tissue transports nerve impulses

A

nervous

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30
Q

organ systems include….

A 
cardiovascular 
lymphatic
urinary 
nervous
endocrine
immune
digestive
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31
Q

part of body that supplies nutrients, water and oxygen to tissues and delivers fresh supplies and pick up wastes

A

body fluids

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32
Q

Body’s circulating fluids include….

A

blood and lymph

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33
Q

the fluid of the cardiovascular system

A

blood

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34
Q

Inside of blood, there is _____, ______ ______ _____, ______ ______ ______, ______, _____ and other components

A

water, red blood cells, white blood cells, nutrients, oxygen

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35
Q

Blood travels in _______, ______, and ______

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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36
Q

fluid surrounding cells

- transports materials to and from cells

A

extracellular fluid

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37
Q

fluid inside cells

- provides a medium for cellular reactions to occur

A

intracellular fluid

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38
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of ____ and _____ ________
- circulates _____

A

heart, blood vessels

blood

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39
Q

Two basic routes in the cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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40
Q

in this route, blood flows to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, then returns to the heart

A

pulmonary circulation

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41
Q

in this route, freshly oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body

A

systemic circulation

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42
Q

When blood passes through the digestive system, it picks up 1.______ and carries them to the 2. _____ via the ______ ______ ______; fats travel via _____

  • 2._____ then processes abosrbed 1._____
  • blood is cleansed of wastes in the _____
A 
1. nutrients 2. liver
hepatic portal vein 
lymph
2. liver 1. nutrients
kidneys
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43
Q

transport of fat in the bloodstream occurs via the ______ _______

A

lymphatic system

44
Q

The lymphatic system consists of _______ ______ (_____) and _____

A 
lymphatic vessel (lacteals)
lymph
45
Q

______ are too large to be absorbed by the capillaries in the intestine, instead, they are carried via the lymphatic system before returning to the blood

A

Chylomicrons

46
Q

The urinary system consists of two _____ that are connected to the 1. _____ by the ______
The 1.______ is emptied by the ______

A

kidneys; 1. bladder; ureter

1. bladder; urethra

47
Q

Main function of the kidneys is to….

Other functions include….

A

remove waste from body in urine

pH balance, conversion of vitamin D to active form, red blood cell synthesis

48
Q

This system secretes hormones from endocrine glands

A

endocrine system

49
Q

chemical messengers that are secreted and released directly into blood
-regulate body conditions

A

hormones

50
Q

Functions of hormones:

  • regulates the _____ system and behaviors in response to _____ or _____
  • helps regulate _____ and ______
  • informs the brain about body ____ stores
  • regulates ____ ____
  • growth and repair or breakdown of body tissues in response to ______ availability
A 
digestive; meals, fasting
hunger, appetite
fat
blood glucose
nutrient
51
Q

This system detects sensations, directs movements, and controls physiological and intellectual functions

A

the nervous system

52
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

53
Q

part of nervous system that is the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

54
Q

part of nervous system that contain the nerves that reach everything else besides brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous sytem

55
Q

“rest and digest” part of nervous system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

56
Q

signals are sent from the brain to the body and vice versa via ______ and ______ signals

A

electrical and chemical

57
Q

electrical signals travel along neurons and are converted to chemical signals called

A

neurotransmitters

58
Q

neurotransmitters are often made from…

A

amino acids

59
Q

______ is the preferred fuel for the brain

A

glucose

60
Q

_____ support the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers which allows for quicker transmission of signals

A

lipids

61
Q

______ and _____ needed for nerve impulse

A

minerals and electrolytes

62
Q

immunity: physical and chemical barriers

A

nonspecific (innate) immunity

63
Q

immunity: antibody production

A

specific (adaptive) immunity

64
Q

nutritional _______ often result in decreased immune system function

A

deficiencies

65
Q

acute response to cell injury or irritation

  • increased white blood cells, redness, heat, pain, and swelling
  • normal, healthy response
  • problem is when it’s chronic
  • dietary factors and lifestyle both contribute to this
A

inflammation

66
Q

This system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

A

digestive system

67
Q

GI tract contains….

accessory organs aid in…..

A

food

digestion

68
Q

The beginning of the digestive system

  • mastication
  • taste
  • salivary glands
A

mouth

69
Q

chewing to break down food

A

mastication

70
Q

taste occurs via ____ ____ on ______

the five tastes are…

A

taste buds; tongue

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory)

71
Q

salivary glands produce _____ and _____ ______

A

saliva and digestive enzymes

72
Q

salivary glands produce this

- lubricant, solvent

A

saliva

73
Q

salivary glands produce this

  • _____: break down starches (carbs) (also produced by pancreas)
  • ______: break down fats (also produced by stomach, pancreas) (tongue)
A

digestive enzymes
amylase
lipase

74
Q

long tube in digestive system

A

esophagus

75
Q

flap of tissue in esophagus that, in the act of swallowing, blocks off larynx (path to lungs) to prevent chocking

A

epiglottis

76
Q

wavelike muscular squeezing; moves food through GI tract

A

peristalsis

77
Q

ring-like muscles that prevent backflow of GI contents

A

sphincters

78
Q

The stomach has 2 sphincters….

A

lower esophageal (gastro-esophageal) and pyloric

79
Q

organ in digestive system: size varies individually, can be altered, holds up to 4 cups
contains gastric juices
very little absorption happens here
has formation of chyme
production of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption happens here

A

stomach `

80
Q

gastric juice + food

A

chyme

81
Q

this prevents auto-digestion of stomach

  • cells secrete thick, viscous ____ that coats and protects stomach lining
  • multiple ______ layers
  • rapid ____ turnover
A

mucus
muscular
cell

82
Q

made of water, digestive enzyme, and hydrochloric acid (HCI)

- activates protein-degrading enzymes and denatures proteins

A

gastric juice

83
Q

This organ contains the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

  • majority of absorption happens in duodenum
  • gets pancreatic, biliary (from gallbladder), and intestinal secretions that contain enzymes to help breakdown carbs, protein, fats, and also neutralize acidity of stomach contents
  • has a massive absorption capacity
A

small intestine

84
Q

the purpose of these is to increase surface area in small intestine

A

folded walls
villi on each wall (fingerlike projections)
microvilli on each villi (hairlike, traps nutrients)

85
Q

absorption cells of small intestine that have their own blood and lymph supply

A

enterocytes

86
Q

free movement of nutrients across the cell membrane

A

passive diffusion

87
Q

uses a carrier protein to move down a concentration gradient (from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration)

A

facilitated diffusion

88
Q

involves a carrier protein and uses energy

moves nutrients against a concentration gradient

A

active absorption

89
Q

cell membrane forms an indentation and engulfs nutrient

______(compounds) _______(liquids)

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis

90
Q

organ in digestive system that

  • contains indigestible foodstuff
  • no villi or enzymes
  • absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins
  • contains lots of bacteria that help metabolize remaining foodstuffs and synthesize some vitamins
  • contains probiotics
A

large intestine

91
Q

bacteria that provide health benefits

A

probiotics

92
Q

last portion of large intestine

elimination of stool (feces) happens here

A

rectum

93
Q

The two anal sphincters and their type of control

A

internal- autonomic

external- voluntary

94
Q

accessory organs of digestive system

A

gallbladder, pancreas, liver

95
Q

this accessory organ is the site of bile storage and secretion

A

gallbladder

96
Q

produced in liver, stored in gallbladder
composed of water, bile salts, bile acids
essential for digestion and absorption of fat
-emulsification

A

bile

97
Q

dissolving of fats in water

A

emulsification

98
Q

This accessory organ produces hormones that regulate blood glucose, glucagon and insulin

  • has juices
  • bicarbonate - neutralizes HCI
  • lipase and amylase
A

Pancreas

99
Q

Pancreas: hormones have a _____ function

juices have a _____ function

A

endocrine

exocrine

100
Q

This accessory organ filters blood coming from the GI via the hepatic portal vein before passing it to the rest of the body
- nutrient sensor - storage - detoxification
has lipoprotein processing
- enterohepatic circulation

A

liver

101
Q

recycling of bile between small intestine and liver via the portal vein

A

enterohepatic circulation

102
Q

Major storage sites of of nutrients:

Liver and muscles store….

A

carbohydrates

- glycogen

103
Q

Major storage sites of of nutrients:

adipose tissue stores…..

A

fat as triglycerides

104
Q

Major storage sites of of nutrients:

Bone….

A

mineral deposits

105
Q

Major storage sites of of nutrients:

Liver….

A

fat soluble vitamins and B12

NTRI 2000 (6 decks)

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