EXAM 1 Chapter 11, Protozoan Groups Flashcards
Protozoan groups belong to the kingdom _____ and the phylum _____
Kingdom Protista
Phyla Protozoa
Phyla Protozoa characteristics..
- most unicellular
- organelles
- free-living, mutualists, or parasites (don’t live in a colony, live by themselves, or some live with others, and others feed off them
- aquatic to terrestrial
- asexual or sexual reproduction
Their locomotion involves
cilia and flagella
Cilia are
short, many in number
flagella are
single or small numbers, longer
cilia move by…
performing power stroke and then a recovery stroke
flagella…
are undulates, they move back and forth to move forward
but some also pull organisms like propeller
…..covered in cilia
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles of respiratory system
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)
- rare genetic lung disorder
- also known as Immotile Cilia Syndrome
- symptom - chronic respiratory tract infections
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
mucus collects in airway and cannot move mucus and gets clogged
- genetic disorder, affected lungs most critically, also pancreas, liver, intestine
- characterized by thick, viscous secretions in the bronchi which cannot be transported by cilia to the pharynx
- bacteria thrive in the altered mucus, which collects in small airways of lungs
- leads to formation of bacterial microenvironments known as biofilms that are difficult for immune cells and antibiotics to penetrate
- most people with CF dont live past 30
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
its because of scarring of tissue in lungs, not because of cilia
two main categories of COPD are
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
emphysema
walls of alveoli are damaged (gas exchange is reduced)
chronic bronchitis
- lining of airways constantly irritated and inflamed
- causes lining to thicken (excess mucus) meaning reduced diameter of tubes in respiratory system, which means its hard to breathe
main cause of chronic bronchitis
smoking
cilia and flagella have…
the same internal structure
the structure includes
- 9 peripheral doublets with 2 central singlets (all MICROTUBULES)
- doublets are linked by nexin
- dynein arms between each doublet
- dynein arms have ATPase (generation of ATP)
- doublets linked to singlets via radial spokes
the dynein arms
- are club like structures
- inner and outer dynein
- splits ATP and uses the energy
- doublets almost climb up using dynein arms
- grabs/binds to doublets in front of it, reach up, grab and pull and this causes bending/swaying motion of cilia
the doublets..
climb up/slide past each other’s back using the dynein arms
the sliding action..
translated to bending via nexin and radial spokes
nexin…
-causes it to bend, essential
- it connects one doublets to the others
- if nexin is broken, would elongate but not bend
another type of locomotion used by some is..
pseudopodia (false feet)
two types of pseudopods are
- lobopodia (blunt extension)
- axopodia (thin extension)
in an amoeba (lobopodia), there is a
endoplasm (fluid)
ectoplasm (gel, appears transparent