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Database 3233 > Exam 1-Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1-Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Data

A

Raw facts and the building blocks of information

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2
Q

Information

A

the result of processing raw data to reveal meaning; produced by processing data; used to reveal meaning in data

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3
Q

Knowledge

A

Data are the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of knowledge

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4
Q

Metadata

A

Data about data; provides description of data characteristics and relationships in data; complements and expands value of data

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5
Q

Database Management System (DBMS)

A

Manages structure and controls access to data; intermediary between the user and the database; enables data to be shared; integrates many users’ views of the data

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6
Q

Advantages of a DBMS

A

Improved data sharing; Improved data security; Better data integration; Minimized data inconsistency; Improved data access; Improved decision making; Increased end-user productivity

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7
Q

Classifications of Databases

A

Number of users; Database locations; Expected type and extent of use

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8
Q

Single-User Database

A

Supports only one user at a time (desktop database: single-user; runs on PC)

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9
Q

Multiuser Database

A

Supports multiple users at the same time (workgroup and enterprise databases)

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10
Q

Centralized Database

A

Data located at a single site

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11
Q

Distributed Database

A

Data distributed across several different sites

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12
Q

Operational Database

A

Supports a company’s day-to-day operations (transactional or production database)

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13
Q

Data Warehouse

A

Stores data used for tactical or strategic decisions

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14
Q

Database Design

A

Focuses on design of database structure used for end-user data (designer must identify database’s expected use

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15
Q

Well-Designed Database/Poorly Designed Database

A

Well-design: (facilitates data management; generates accurate and valuable information)
Poorly designed datatbase: (causes difficult-to-trace errors; may lead to bad decision making)

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16
Q

Manual Systems

A

Served as a data repository for small data collections; cumbersome for large collections

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17
Q

Data Processing (DP) Specialist

A

Computerized file system; converted computer file structure from manual system; wrote software that managed the data; designed the application programs

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18
Q

Increaed Files

A

As number of files increased, file systems evolved; each file used its own applicaton program to store, retrieve, and modify data; each file was owned by individual or department that commissioned its creation

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19
Q

Problems with File System Data Processing

A

File systems were an improvement over manual system (file systems used for more than two decades; understanding the shortcomings of file systems aids in development of modern databases; many problems not unique to file systems)
Even simple file system retrieval task required extensive programming (ad hoc queries impossible;changing existing structure difficult)
Security features difficult to program (often omitted in file system environment)

20
Q

Structural Dependence

A

Access to a file is dependent on its own structure (all file system programs must be modified to conform to a new file structure)

21
Q

Structureal Indedependence

A

Change file structure without affecting data access

22
Q

Data Dependence

A

Data access changes when data storage characteristics change (eg, changing a data type)

23
Q

Data Independence

A

Data storage characteristics do not affect data access

24
Q

Logical Data Format

A

How human views the data

25
Q

Physical Data Format

A

How computer must work with data

26
Q

Each Program Accessing a File System File Must Contain

A

Lines specifying opening of specific file type
Record specification
Field Definitions

27
Q

Data Redundancy

A

Same data stored unnecessarily in different places (Having multiple copies of data=vulnerable to security breaches; Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be updated consistently)

28
Q

Data Inconsistancy

A

Different and conflicting versions of same data occur at different places

29
Q

Data Anomalies

A

Abnormalities when all changes in redundant data are not made correctly (update anomalies; insertion anomalies: cannot insert a fact about one entity without a fact about another entity; deletion anomaliies: if the customers are deleted we also lose the associated agent data)

30
Q

Database Systems

A

Database systems consists of logically related data stored in a single locical data repository (may be physically distributed among multiple storage facilities; DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems; current generation stores data structures, relationships between structures, and access paths)
Defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data

31
Q

Database System Environment

A

Five major parts of a database system:

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • People
  • Procedures
  • Data
32
Q

Hardware

A

All the system’s physical devices

33
Q

Software

A

Three types of software required:

  • Operating system software
  • DBMS software
  • Application programs and utility software
34
Q

People

A

All users of the database system (system and database administrators; database designers; systems analysts and programmers; end users)

35
Q

Procedures

A

Instructions and rules that goven the design and use of the database system

36
Q

Data

A

The collection of facts stored in the database

37
Q

Data Dictionary Management

A

DBMS stores definitions of data elements and relationships (metadate in a data dictionary
DBMS looks up required data component structures and relationships
Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
Do not have to modify all programs using the data and removes structural and data dependency

38
Q

Data Storage Management

A

DBMS creates and manages complex structures required for data storage
Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions, report definitions, etc

39
Q

Performance Tuning

A

Actiivities that make the database perform more efficiently

40
Q

Data Transformation and Presentation

A

DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required data structures
DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform to user’s logical expectations

41
Q

Security Management

A

DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy
Security rules determine which users can access the database, which items can be accessed, etc.

42
Q

Multiuser Access Control

A

DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure concurrent access does not affect integrity

43
Q

Backup and Recovery Management

A

DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity
Recovery management deals with recovery of database after a failure (critical to preserving database’s integrity

44
Q

Data Integrity Management

A

DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules (minizes redundancy; maximizes consistency)
Data relationships stored in data dictionary used to enforce data integrity
Integrity is especially important in transaction-oriented database systems

45
Q

Query Language

A

Nonprocedural language

46
Q

Structured Query Language (SQL)

A

The de facto query language (standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

47
Q

Disadvantages of Database Systems

A

Increased costs: hardware, software, personal
Management complexity: DB interfaces with many other technologies; security must also be constantly assessed
Maintaining currency: software patches, security updates, personnel training
Vendor dependence
Frequent update/replacement cycles

Database 3233 (4 decks)

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