Exam 1 (chapter 1-5) Flashcards
Adolescence is often associated with what phrase
“Storm and stress”
What cultures recognize adolescence as a life period?
Almost all
What is culture?
A total pattern of customs, beliefs, art, and culture in a group of people
How was adolescence defined from 1500-1890?
Through life cycle service away from home which began in late teens and early 20s
How was adolescence viewed from 1890-1920?
There became more recognition for the existence of adolescence because of social policy changes (child labor laws), it became a distinct field of study, and G. Stanley Hall
What did G. Stanley Hall do?
He began the child study movement and wrote Adolescence in 1904, where he created the storm and stress idea
What’s the difference in the average age of puberty from 1900 to 2012?
In 1900 it was 14-24 years old, now it’s 10-18 years old
When was the idea of emerging adulthood created?
In 2002 by Arnett
What ages are in emerging adulthood?
18-25
What are the characteristics of emerging adulthood?
Identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling “in-between,” and having many possibilities
What is the main difference between cultures?
Individuality vs interdependence
What is are the main issues when conducting research?
Sampling a population/ should we generalize the results to the entire population, and informed consent
What’s the difference between validity and reliability?
Validity is accuracy, reliability is consistency
What’s the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
Quantitative is done with close-ended questionnaires, and qualitative is done with interviews
What’s the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research?
Cross-sectional captures one moment in time, and longitudinal captures change over time
What is adolescence like in Subsaharan Africa?
Physical health challenges such as war and AIDS
What is adolescence like in North Africa and the Middle East?
3 main issues: strength of islam, patriarchal authority, and the position of women
What is adolescence like in Asia?
Asia is a diverse area with many cultures, but in general the major issues are filial piety, intense secondary school pressures, and misogyny
What is adolescence like in India?
School vs work (school isn’t mandatory), the caste system, and misogyny
What is adolescence like in Latin America?
Challenges such as political instability and low economic growth
What is adolescence like in western countries?
Education isn’t evenly distributed, unemployment, and lack of opportunities for young minorities
What glands are included in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal, and gonads
What does the hypothalamus do?
It produces GnRH which helps release gonadatropins
When does the hypothalamus start producing GnRH?
2 years before physical signs of puberty
What is the master gland?
The pituitary gland
What does the pituitary gland produce?
Many hormones including gonadotropic hormones and ACTH
What are the gonadotropin hormones?
FSH (stimulates follicles) and LH (lutenizing)
What do the gonadotropin hormones do?
They stimulate gamete and sex hormone development
What are the gonads and what do they do?
They are the ovaries (estrogen) and testes (androgens)
Where are the adrenal glands?
Above the kidneys
What do the adrenal glands do?
They make ACTH, which increases androgen production
What does ACTH do?
Increases androgen production
What’s the most important androgen?
Testosterone
What’s the most important estrogen?
Estradiol
What are the 3 major physical changes of puberty?
Adolescent growth spurt, primary sex characteristics (ovaries and testes), and secondary sex characteristics (breasts, pubic hair, voice)
What do girls’ growth spurts look like?
They start 2 years earlier than boys and they peak in height about 2 years later, and the weight spurt typically starts about 6 months after the height spurt
What makes adolescents look weird?
Not all parts of the body grow at the same pace, so often the extremities grow first (legs and arms)
What’s the proper amount of calories for adolescent boys and girls?
Girls = 2200, and boys= 2800
When is peak physical development?
In your 20s
How many eggs does a female release in her lifetime?
About 400
What’s the average age of visible male puberty?
11 +- 2 years
What are the characteristics of visible male puberty?
Maturation of reproductive organs, body hair growth, voice deepens, acne, and spermarch
What are the cultural differences of puberty?
Kenyan boys go through puberty before females, african american girls go through puberty younger than white girls (~8), and chinese girls develop pubic hair much later
What are the 3 types of genotype and environment interactions?
Passive genotype, evocative genotype, and active genotype
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
Children of different ages think different, and maturation is an active process; you construct your own knowledge, and nature and nurture both help
What are the 4 Piagetian stages?
Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (12+)
What characterizes the formal operational Piagetian stage?
Inductive and deductive reasoning, abstraction (metaphor, sarcasm), sophisticated symbolism, hypothetical thinking, metacognition, and hypothetical-deductive reasoning
What are the criticisms of Piaget’s formal operational phase?
There are individual and cultural differences
What did Piaget inspire?
Postformal thinking, which then branched off to pragmatism and reflective judgement
What is pragmatism?
The idea that logic doesn’t always work, and thinking beyond black and white; related to dialectical thought
Who came up with pragmatism?
Labouvie-Vief
What is reflective judgement?
The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments; happens in late emerging adulthood
Who came up with reflective judgment?
William Perry
What is the Information-processing approach?
The idea that development is continuous and slow and steady, the focus is on the thinking process present in all ages (especially on attention and memory), and it was based on computers. 3 sections; short-term memory, long term memory, and working memory
What is working memory?
A subset of short term memory
What is the model that was based off of computers?
The information processing approach
What are the two types of attention?
Divided attention, where you’re focusing on more than one task; and Selective attention, where you’re focusing on the relevant task and filtering out the irrelevant
What is automaticity?
The cognitive effort required to process information
What are the 3 parts of executive functioning?
Inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility
What are the criticisms of information processing theory?
It’s reductionism, the holistic perspective is gone, and the computer analogy might not fit
What does critical thinking require?
A basis of skills and knowledge obtained in childhood along with an educational environment in adolescence that promotes critical thinking
True or false: Critical thinking happens naturally
False; it doesn’t develop naturally, but adolescence provides the base for it
What are the implications of deciding whether or not adolescents can make competent decisions?
Medical, legal, and criminal
What is behavioral decision theory?
A theory that suggests that decision making looks like: choices > consequences > desirability > likelihood > decision
What makes adolescents’ decision making processes skewed?
Although they usually follow the same processes as adults, their perspective during this processes is skewed
What is the dual processing theory?
That there are two types of thinking: analytic thinking and heuristic thinking (intuitive and based on past experiences or current emotions)
What are the two aspects of social cognition?
Perspective taking and egocentrism
What is egocentrism?
Present in Piaget’s preoperational stage (2-7), it’s when you can only see from your own perspective
What is mutual perspective taking?
Understanding that perspective taking interactions with others are mutual, and understanding that society affects peoples’ social perspectives
What are the two related perspective taking concepts?
Prosocial behavior and theory of mind
What is theory of mind?
Attributing mental states to one’s self and others; it’s an ability
Who came up with adolescent egocentrism?
David Elkind
What are the 3 characteristics of adolescent egocentrism?
Imaginary audience, personal fable, and optimistic bias
What can optimistic bias lead to?
Risk-taking dangerous behavior like not wearing a mask during corona; “That can’t happen to me”
What is intelligence?
An individual’s underlying learning ability
What is achievement?
What one has learned in a specific subject
What was the first intelligence test?
Binet-simon scale (1905), which yielded a score/ mental age
What was the second intelligence scale?
The standford-binet intelligence scale (1916), which yields a score called IQ ((MA/CA) x 100)
What is the Wechsler scale?
It has subtests that measures different intellectual tasks, and compares performance on 1 type of task with another. Has full scale IQ, index scores, and subtest scores. Deviation IQ scores compare performance to age appropriate norms.
What are the 3 age ranges of the Wechsler scale?
2-7, 6-16, and 16-90
What are the 2 types of intelligence?
Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
What is fluid intelligence?
The ability to learn new things, peaks in emerging adulthood
What is crystallized intelligence?
The accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgement based on experience, improves throughout life
What is Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
A theory that there are 9 main types of intelligence
What are the 9 types of intelligence in Gardner’s theory?
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, existential, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
What types of intelligence are measured in traditional IQ tests?
Linguistic and logical-mathematical
What are the 2 timeframes of brain development?
Overproduction/ exuberance and synaptic pruning
What is overproduction?
The overproduction of gray matter (ages 11-12)
What is synaptic pruning?
The loss of gray matter due to an increase in mylenation
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
It controls executive functions and it has a prolonged development until the early 20s
What are cultural beliefs?
What’s right and wrong and a set of expectations for behavior; can include the origin of life and afterlife
What are cultural beliefs rooted in?
Symbolic inheritance of norms, moral standards, roles, and gender roles
What are the two main types of cultures?
Individualism and collectivism
What is individualism associated with?
Broad socialization
What is collectivism associated with?
Narrow socialization
What is a custom complex?
What’s normal because it’s a part of the culture and doesn’t happen naturally
What is Piaget’s theory of moral judgement?
That stages are based on cognitive development and there’s a change from heteronomous morality to autonomous morality as a child ages
What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgment?
How children justify their judgements to hypothetical scenarios based on their ages; 2 underlying principles and 6 stages
What are the 2 underlying principles of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
Universality of development and the role of perspective taking
What are the 6 stages/ orientations of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
Punishment & obedience; instrumental & exchange; mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, & interpersonal conformity; social system & conscience; social contract or individual rights; and universal ethical principals
What stage of development are punishment & obedience and instrumental & exchange associated with?
Pre-conventional
What stage of development are mutual interpersonal expectations and social system & conscience associated with?
Conventional
What stage of development are social contract or individual rights and universal ethical principles associated with?
Post conventional
What is the punishment and obedience stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
What do they say? How can I avoid punishment?
What is the instrumental and exchange stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
What’s best for you?
What is the mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
What’s expected for you? (or your role)
What is the social system and conscience stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
Fulfilling duties, upholding laws, and your contribution to society
What is the social contract or individual rights stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
What’s in the best interest of the group?
What is the universal ethical principles stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
Universal values transcend opinion (even of the majority or of the law)
What are the critiques of Kohlberg’s theory?
May not be applicable to non-western cultures, views moral reasoning development as discontinuous, and no gender differences
What is the worldview approach to moral development?
What does it mean to _____ in your culture? Worldview influences moral reasoning, which influences moral evaluation, which influences moral behavior, which influences worldview. 3 ethics
What are the 3 ethics of the worldview approach to moral development?
Ethic of autonomy, of community, and of divinity
What is the transition from girl to woman like in traditional cultures?
There’s a transition to narrower socialization (limited output and input) and restricted sexuality
What is the transition from boy to man like in traditional cultures?
Greater freedoms (greater input and eventually output)
What are the 3 Ps of manhood in traditional cultures?
Provide, protect, and procreate
What was the weird unscientific people believed was the reason why women shouldn’t work?
Women couldn’t put energy into both work and mensuration
What are the 4 main constrictions for girls in US history?
Occupational roles, cultural perception, sexuality, and physical appearance
What are the 3 manhood transformations in US history?
Communal manhood (1600s + 1700s), Self-made manhood (1800s), and Passionate manhood (1900s)
What is the gender intensification hypothesis?
That the impacts of gender become much more severe in adolescence, and that gender socialization has a larger impact on girls
Describe differential gender socialization
What’s (in)appropriate for boys and girls; transgenerational cultural expectations. Men are encouraged to be ambitious, and women to be expressive
What is the cognitive-developmental theory of gender?
That gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world
What do kids know about gender by age 3?
The difference between male and female and which one they are
What do kids know about gender by age 4 or 5?
Appropriateness of things by gender
What do kids know about gender by ages 6-10?
Less rigid gender
What do kids know about gender by ages 12-16?
Gender intensification
What is the gender-schema theory?
Kids are self-assigning and conforming to gender and gender roles
Who came up with the gender schema theory?
Sandra bem
What is the BSRI?
The bem sex role inventory focuses on how one percieves gender roles
How did Bem view gender?
She didn’t view masculinity and femininity on a continuum, so she ignored androgyny
What is androgyny?
Often called the best of both worlds, it’s when someone is high in both masculine and feminine traits
Which adolescents benefit from androgyny the most?
Adolescent girls
How do african american men percieve gender?
Due to discrimination, prejudice, etc, african american men often percieve the need to be overly masculine
How do latinx men and women percieve gender?
Latina women are usually very traditional due to catholicism, and latino men are usually high in machismo and have absolute authority and high in the 3 Ps
Why do gender differences persist?
Schemas lead to confirmation bias, and being put into a certain gender role can heighten or suppress certain traits and skills
How do opportunities for females increase?
Industrialization usually
