Exam 1 Chapter 1

Question 1

Any perspective explaining why people act the way they do; allow us to predict behavior and also suggest how to intervene to improve behavior.

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

Biological or genetic causes of development.

Answer 2

Nature

Question 3

Environmental causes of development.

Answer 3

Nurture

Question 4

Believed that we could not study feelings and thoughts because inner experience could not be observed

Answer 4

The Original Blockbuster “Nurture” Theory (Watson and B.F. Skinner)

Question 5

The original behavioral worldview that focused on charting and modifying only “objective” visible behaviors.

Answer 5

Traditional behaviorism

Question 6

Refers to our birth group, the age group with whom we travel through life

Answer 6

Cohort

Question 7

According to traditional behaviorists, the law of learning that determines any voluntary response.

Answer 7

Operant conditioning

Question 8

Behavioral term for reward.

Answer 8

Reinforcement

Question 9

A behavioral worldview that emphasizes that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behavior. It focuses on charting and modifying people’s thoughts.

Answer 9

Cognitive behaviorism (Social learning theory)
Launched by Albert Bandura

Question 10

Learning by watching and imitating others.

Answer 10

Modeling

Question 11

According to cognitive behaviorism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in the face of failures, and predicts the goals we set.

Answer 11

Self-efficacy

Question 12

the roots of emotional problems lay in repressed (made unconscious) feelings from early childhood. Moreover, “mothering” during the first five years of life determines adult mental health.

Answer 12

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 13

Freud argued that which three hypothetical structures define personality?

Answer 13

Id, ego, and superego

Question 14

Present at birth, is the mass of instincts, needs, and feelings we have when we arrive in the world.

Answer 14

Id

Question 15

Occurs during early childhood and has to do when the conscious, rational part of our personality emerges. Functions involve thinking, reasoning, planning - fulfilling our id desires in realistic ways.

Answer 15

Ego

Question 16

The moral arm of our personality - exists in opposition to the id’s desires

Answer 16

Superego

Question 17

What did Freud argue about what drives human life?

Answer 17

sexual feelings (which he called libido)

Question 18

Theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species’ survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life.

Answer 18

Attachment theory

Question 19

Theory or worldview highlighting the role that inborn, species-specific behaviors play in human development and life.

Answer 19

Evolutionary psychology

Question 20

Field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behavior.

Answer 20

Behavioral genetics

Question 21

Behavioral genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people).

Answer 21

Twin study

Question 22

Behavioral genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents.

Answer 22

Adoption study

Question 23

Behavioral genetic research strategy that involves comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families, to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait.

Answer 23

Twin/adoption study

Question 24

The nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies produce certain responses from other people.

Answer 24

Evocative factors

Question 25

The principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions.

Answer 25

Bidirectionality

Question 26

The nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies cause us to choose to put ourselves into specific environments.

Answer 26

Active forces

Question 27

The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents.

Answer 27

Person-environment fit

Question 28

Research field exploring how early life events alter the outer cover of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behavior.

Answer 28

Epigenetics

Question 29

Like Bowlby, believed in psychoanalytic theory; but rather than emphasizing sexuality, argued that our basic motivations center on becoming an independent self and relating to others

Answer 29

Erik Erikson Psychosocial theory

Question 30

Who is called the father of lifespan development?

Answer 30

Erik Erikson

Question 31

Jean Piaget’s principle that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four qualitatively different stages of intellectual growth.

Answer 31

Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

Question 32

In Jean Piaget’s theory, the first step promoting mental growth, involving fitting environmental input to our existing mental capacities.

Answer 32

Assimilation

Question 33

In Piaget’s theory, enlarging our mental capacities to fit input from the wider world.

Answer 33

Accommodation

Question 34

The baby manipulates objects to pin down the basics of physical reality.

Answer 34

Sensorimotor Ages 0-2

Question 35

Children’s perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances. “What they see is what is real.”

Answer 35

Preparations Ages 2-7

Question 36

Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their thinking is really on the same wavelength as adults. While they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, however, they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way.

Answer 36

Concrete operations Ages 7-12

Question 37

Reasoning is at its pinnacle: hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. The person’s full cognitive human potential has been reached.

Answer 37

Formal operations Ages 12+

Question 38

An all-encompassing outlook on development that stresses the need to embrace a variety of approaches, and emphasizes the reality that many influences affect development.

Answer 38

Developmental systems approach