Exam 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards
Describe the Scientific Method
o Make observations, form a hypothesis (must be testable), design and conduct experiments, analyze the data, reject or accept hypothesis given.
Define homeostasis
o Maintaining a relatively stable environment that is essential for survival and function.
o Sensor (detects deviations) ->integrating center (controls the activity) -> effector (makes appropriate adjustments).
Negative and Positive feedback loops + examples
o Negative feedback loops counteract that change.. ex: temp change, blood glucose
o Positive: Change in condition leads to a response which amplifies that change… ex: fever, childbirth, blood clots.
o Childbirth stimulates oxytocin to be released to speed up contractions.
differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of homeostasis
o Intrinsic: cells within the organ sense a change and signal neighboring cells to respond.
o Extrinsic: outside of the organ
Describe antagonistic effectors
o Maintains variables within a certain normal range (dynamic constancy)
o Ex: sweat glands and muscle/skeletal tissue are antagonistic.
Describe the hierarchical organization of the human body
o Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Muscle Tissue
movement
Skeletal: striated and voluntary (builds)
Smooth: nonstriated, involuntary
Cardiac: heart, striated, involuntary
Nervous tissue
controls bodily functions
Neurons: high speed communication via electric signals
Neuroglia: support of neurons
Epithelial tissue
linings/coverings
Apical and basement membrane
Endocrine secretes into the blood
Exocrine secretes outside the membrane
Connective tissue
- connects things
Large amounts of extracellular matrix
Adipocytes: cells that store fat
Cartilage
Blood: circulates to other organs
Bone
Describe an organ system
o Group of organs that perform together to accomplish an activity
o Ex: circulatory, digestive, skeletal, etc.
Describe the different types of stem cells
o Totipotent: can become any tissue, total package
o Pluripotent: embryonic but cannot become the placenta
o Multipotent: repair and replace (working out)
Adult stem cells: undifferentiated cells found in some organs
Hematopoietic stem cells: blood cells come from bone marrow
Describe the body fluid compartments
o 60% water
o Intracellular: water found inside the cells
o Extracellular: next greatest for water, plasma and interstitial areas
o Water inside blood dictates pressure in vessels.