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Intro to Molecular Biology > Exam #1 (CH9-10) > Flashcards

Exam #1 (CH9-10) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes: what is a nucleotide needed for?

A

DNA Storage

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2
Q

Prokaryotes: what is supercoiled DNA?

A

Bonus DNA

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3
Q

Prokaryotes: what is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

Separates life from non-life

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4
Q

Prokaryotes: what is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

Manufacture proteins + RNA

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5
Q

Prokaryotes: what is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Be a “exo-skeleton”, a fibrous layer surrounding cell, meant to maintain:

  • structure
  • function
  • osmotic pressure
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6
Q

Prokaryotes: what is the purpose of plasmids?

A

Contain functional genes, may not need them but can be useful (antibiotic resistance)

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7
Q

Prokaryotes: what is the purpose of flagella?

A

“whips” that allow for swimming

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8
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

DNA is highly organized, condensed

  • nucleolus is where ribosomal RNA is manufactured
  • nuclear shape is held by protein filaments (scaffolding)
  • info storage = inside nucleus
  • info use = outside nucleus
  • nuclear envelope is continuous with ER
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9
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the purpose of the endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?

A

Protein synthesis (more SA = more ribosomes)

  • proteins are inserted into lumen at ER
  • proteins shipped to areas of cell via vesicles
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10
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the purpose of the endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)?

A

Lipid metabolism (hormones)

  • synthesizes/breaks down lipids
  • builds membranes (phospholipids)
  • stores Ca2+
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11
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

modifies proteins

  • stacked, flattened membrane sacs
  • cis-side faces nucleus
  • cis-side receives vesicles from rough ER*
  • trans-side faces plasma membrane
  • proteins processed inside Golgi lumen
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12
Q

Eukaryotes: what are free ribosomes?

A

proteins made in cytosol

not organelle - not enclosed in membrane

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13
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the function of a lysosome? Vacuole?

A

Lysosome - recycle other organelles/waste

Vacuole - commonly store water/ions plants and fungi only

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14
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotes are compartmentalized (organelles + nucleus)
  • Eukaryotes isolate incompatible chemical reactions (greater efficiency of chemical reactions)
  • Eukaryotes are much larger (smaller SA:Volume ratio)

-Prokaryotes obtain nutrients more efficiently (greater SA:Volume ratio)

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15
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the purpose of the mitochondria? Chloroplast?

A

Mitochondria - cellular respiration (double membraned, semi-autonomous)
Chloroplast - photosynthesis (triple membraned)

Both specialize in energy conversion and have their own genome/ribosomes

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16
Q

Eukaryotes: what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton? Cell wall?

A

Cytoskeleton - network of protein fibers that provide:

  1. structural stability
  2. shape
  3. organization
  4. vesicle pathways
  5. moving cell through environment

Cell wall - rigid structure for support/protection

  1. large carbohydrates
  2. plants = cellulose
  3. fungi = chitin
    * located outside of plasma membrane*`
17
Q

Nuclear transport is regulated by ______.

A

Nuclear pores

- selective and use specific “tags” for entry

18
Q

What was the purpose of the nucleoplasmin experiment?

A

Tested existence of “tag” on physical part of protein

  1. start with nucleoplasmin protein
  2. cleave tails from cores
  3. label tails and cores
  4. inject tails and cores into cells
  5. locate fragments (tails = nucleus, cores = cytoplasm still)

*Specific tag tells cell to take the nucleoplasmin to nucleus

19
Q

What was the purpose of the pulse-chase experiment?

A

Test the idea that proteins move together in an organized fashion over time

  1. add a pulse of radioactive tracer
  2. after the pulse, “chase” with non-labeled molecules
  3. follow the radioactive proteins over time

Rough ER - secretory vesicles - secretory ducts

20
Q

What is the general movement of a protein entering the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. first 20 amino acids attract and bind to signal recognition particle (SRP)
  2. SRP also binds to endoplasmic reticulum
  3. ribosome puts amino acid chain through an ER pore
    * proteins destined for Golgi are glycosated (+carb = glycoprotein)
21
Q

What is the general movement of a protein moving to the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. vesicle buds off ER and moves to cis-side of Golgi

2. fuses to cis-side and dumps protein inside

22
Q

What is the general movement of a protein moving to the final destination?

A
  • modified by a transmembrane protein*
    1. facing inward = recognizes protein
    2. facing outward = recognizes protein on membrane of destination
  • uses receptors (protein) spanning membrane inside and outside Golgi*

Packaged vesicle!

23
Q

What are three structures involved in the cytoskeleton and what are their functions?

A
  1. Actin - twisted pair of strands, define cell’s shape, move organelles around cells, smallest of the three types
  2. Intermediate Filaments - structure of nucleus, anchors nucleus in cell, NOT involved in movement, provide resistance to pressure/abrasions (keratin)
  3. Microtubules - hollow tubes, grow/shrink rapidly, tracks for vesicle transport (motor proteins), moves chromosomes during mitosis, largest of elements, uses ATP to carry vesicles and create movement along microtubules
24
Q

What are fiber composites?

A

cross-linked network of long fibers embedded in rigid surrounding material
(Tensile strength vs compression)

25
Q

The primary cell wall (extracellular material) consists of:

A
  • fiber (cellulose)
  • surrounding material (pectin = gelatinous polysaccharide)
  • cellulose and pectins
  • limit water that can enter a cell (turgor pressure)
26
Q

The secondary cell wall (extracellular material) consists of:

A
  • mature plant cells
  • composition depends on function
  • stem cells = lignin
  • leaf cells = wood
27
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of:

A
  1. collagen and gelatinous polysaccharides as fiber composites
  2. cells attach to ECM via transmembrane proteins (integrins)
  3. loss of connection to ECM can lead to metastasis in cancer cells
  • ECM is more flexible than cellulose or lignin
  • breakdown of ECM can be reversed by enzyme pyolyl hydroxylase
    catalyzes procollagen - collagen
  • absorbic acid is a cofactor for prolyl hydroylase

Intro to Molecular Biology (1 decks)

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