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criminology > exam 1 (ch1-ch3) > Flashcards

exam 1 (ch1-ch3) Flashcards

1
Q

criminology definition

A

the scientific study of the nature, cause, and control of criminal behavior

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2
Q

penology definition

A

subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders

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3
Q

victimology definition

A

study of the victim’s role in criminal events

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4
Q

crime definition

A

a violation of criminal law

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5
Q

deviance definition

A

an act that departs from the norm

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6
Q

delinquency definition

A

participation in illegal or antisocial behavior on the part of a minor

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7
Q

status offense definition

A

acts defined as unacceptable for minors and used as the bases for court proceedings

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8
Q

criminal intent definition

A

willed or conscious desire to commit an act that violates criminal law

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9
Q

felony definition

A

a serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment for more than one year

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10
Q

misdemeanor definition

A

minor crime punished by short jail time or fine

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11
Q

utilitarianism / hedonism definition

A

human behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

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12
Q

phrenology definition

A

studying the shape of skulls and bumps to conclude that physical attributes linked to criminal behavior

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13
Q

atavism definition

A

evolutionary throwbacks

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14
Q

moral entrepreneurs definition

A

interest groups that attempt to control social life by promoting their own personal set of moral values and establishing them as law

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15
Q

aggravated assault definition

A

unlawful attack an another person for the purpose of inflicting serious injury (typically involves a weapon)

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16
Q

arson definition

A

willful or malicious burning of a property

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17
Q

burglary definition

A

breaking or entering to commit a crime

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18
Q

dark figure definition

A

crimes that occur but are not reported to the police

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19
Q

distance phenomenon definition

A

frequency of offending or delinquent behavior diminishes as the individual matures

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20
Q

larceny theft definition

A

unlawfully taking the property of another excluding: motor vehicle theft, embezzlement, forgery, and fraud

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21
Q

rape definition

A

carnal knowledge of a female forcibly or against her will

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22
Q

robbery definition

A

taking or attempting to take something of value fro another person by force of the threatened use of force

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23
Q

motor vehicle theft definition

A

theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle

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24
Q

murder definition

A

the willful killing of another human being

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25
Q

subculture of violence definition

A

a normative code that mandates the use of lethal force to settle interpersonal disputes

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26
Q

liberation hypothesis

A

adler and simon suggested that social and economic roles of women control their crime rates

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27
Q

chronic offender definition

A

people with five or more arrests

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28
Q

blaming the victim

A

a progressive concept whereby the victim is seen as responsible

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29
Q

victim deification definition

A

idealizing the victim and seeing them as faultless

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30
Q

victim vilification definition

A

casting populations as worthless by their very nature

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31
Q

active precipitation definition

A

when the victim aggressively provokes the attacker

32
Q

passive precipitation definition

A

characteristics of victims that make them attractive targets

33
Q

criminologists seek to do what?

A

develop reliable measures of criminal behavior, study law and the legal system, develop theories of crime causation, identify offenders, and prevent crime

34
Q

penology deals with what ideas?

A

deterrence, rehabilitation, drug courts, and capital punishment

35
Q

rehabilitation deals with what issues?

A

drugs, alcohol, mental illness, and sex offenders (debateable)

36
Q

what are the two exceptions to criminal intent?

A

insanity and age

37
Q

what’s not excused for criminal intent?

A

intoxication and ignorance of the law

38
Q

what U.S state does not use common law?

A

louisiana

39
Q

a felony can entail loss of what rights?

A

political rights

40
Q

what are the goals of criminal law?

A

maintain social orders, control antisocial behavior, discourage revenge, express public opinion on morality, deter crime and punish wrongdoing, ensure equality, remove benefits of crime

41
Q

what is the consensus view of crime?

A

crimes are behaviors viewed as repugnant, criminal law reflects the values morals views and beliefs of the vast majority of society. most widely accepted theory

42
Q

what is the conflict view of crime?

A

society is composed of diverse groups of conflicting interests, criminal law is defined by those in power, law protects the interests of the powerful, focuses on white collar crime and political crime, concern with bias in the system

43
Q

what is the interactionist view of crime?

A

criminal law reflects preferences and opinions of people who hold power in a jurisdiction, criminals are those labeled as such by society, criminal law is shaped by moral entrepreneurs

44
Q

what word summarizes classical criminology?

A

choice

45
Q

main ideas of classical criminology?

A

people have free will and choose criminal behavior, people choose to commit a crime for reasons for greed or personal need, crime can be controlled by fear of criminal sanctions, punishment that is swift and severe will deter crime

46
Q

ideas of positivist criminology?

A

uses the scientific method to conduct research, speaks to predict and explain social order in a logical manner, relies on empirical verification, seeks to be value free

47
Q

who is lombrosso?

A

an italian physician who argues that criminals were atavisms

48
Q

lombrosso is known as ?

A

the father of criminology

49
Q

what criminologists is associated with classical criminology?

A

beccaria, who was a philosopher and an economist

50
Q

what is common law?

A

a fixed body of rules that emerge from decisions if a new rule is applied to a number of cases, it became a new precedent, precedents would be applied in all similar cases

51
Q

what is the uniform crime report (UCR)?

A

official crime stats from the FBI with detailed info on part 1 offenses

52
Q

what is the criteria for part 1 offenses?

A

serious, frequent, and come to attention of police often

53
Q

what are the part 1 offenses?

A

violent: rape, murder, robbery, aggravated assault
property: burglary, mvt, arson, larceny theft

54
Q

what are some problems with official stats?

A

only most serious offense is recorded, police handle cases differently, victims don’t always report, attempt is made but not completed

55
Q

what is a victimization survey?

A

survey of individual’s experiences with criminal victimization

56
Q

what is the NCVS?

A

national crime victimization survey

57
Q

what does NCVS reveal about crime?

A

the dark figure of crime

58
Q

problems with the NCVS?

A

can underestimate
can overestimate
unwilling or misinterpretations

59
Q

what is a self-report survey?

A

respondents report their own violations in interviews or questionaires?

60
Q

problems with self reported surveys?

A

may under report
fabricate crimes
focus on trivial crimes

61
Q

what do self reported surveys reveal about crime?

A

the dark figure of crime

almost everybody has committed a criminal violation at some point in their life

62
Q

what are some trends from UCR and victimization

A

UCR: peaked in 1991 and declining since 2014
NCVS: 1973 had a peak 43 million victimization and 2008 had nearly half that

63
Q

violent crime is highest in what region?

A

southern states

64
Q

social class and crime

A

high crime rates among the lower class. self reported data indicates few differences in minor offending

65
Q

age and crime

A

age is inversely related to crime. peak age for violent crime is 18. adults over 45 less than 10 percent of arrests. maturation coincides with increased responsibility

66
Q

gender and crime

A

male crime rates are much higher. 1999-2008, female arrests have gone up. 2 reasons: socialization differences between men and woman and the liberation hypothesis

67
Q

race and offending

A

minorities over presented among arrests, self reports indicates little difference between whites and minorities in minor offending. some say results of bias and discrimination and economic disparity

68
Q

methods of the philadelphia cohort study?

A

followed 10,000 boys and their delinquent careers

data came from police and school records

69
Q

findings of the philadelphia cohort study?

A

6% were chronic offenders and those committed 52% of all offenses. 80% robberies, 70% murders, 65% aggravated assaults were chronic offenders

70
Q

who is marvin wolfgang?

A

an american sociologists who did studies on criminology

71
Q

how were victims viewed traditionally?

A

as a passive target of predatory offenders greed or anger

72
Q

blame and cause. difference?

A

blame: moral or ethical concept
cause: a scientific concept

73
Q

social ecology of victimization

A

more serious crimes take place after dark, most rapes happen between 6pm and 6 am. inner city have higher risk of theft, larger african american western suburban homes are the most vulnerable

74
Q

victim characteristics

A

men are more likely to be victimized (except rape and SA)
women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know
younger people are victimized more and minorities

75
Q

victim precipitation

A

many victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their victimization

76
Q

routine actives theory

A

crime is a function of everyday life. components include motivated offenders, attractive targets, and lack of capable guardian. cohen and felson

criminology (3 decks)

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