Exam 1 Ch.1-4 Flashcards
1
Q
Do people have free will?
A
No, they are limited by choice
2
Q
What is an individual?
A
*Discrete, particular, unique, singular individual person with a name, address, a history, and reputation
3
Q
Is an individual discrete?
A
Yes
4
Q
What are ways in which we limit free will?
A
rules, regulations, laws, education
5
Q
The first step of stating the elements of the executive processes in an organization is to set forth the position or understanding of the individual. T/F
A
True
6
Q
The human body has individual independent existence. T/F
A
False
7
Q
The human body is a human being. T/F
A
False.
8
Q
The human being as a living thing has…
A
A power of adjustment,
an ability to maintain an internal balance,
and a continuity
9
Q
The human body as an organism has components that are both..
A
biological and physical
10
Q
The biological aspects of the human being can be separated from the physical. T/F
A
False
11
Q
What are the reasons humans cannot function without other humans
A
- Procreation
* Nurture required in infancy
12
Q
The mutual reaction between two human organisms is a series of responses to the ____ and ___ of adaptable behavior
A
intention
meaning
13
Q
Physical thing endowed with life that has interacted with other similar organisms becomes more and more
A
- unique
- separate
- distinct
- just as a point where many lines cross
14
Q
We regard ourselves as absolutely unique. T/F
A
True
15
Q
What are some examples of an individual?
A
- worker
- underprivileged man
- Politian
16
Q
In this book we man individual as:
A
- single
- unique
- independent
- isolated
- whole thing
- embodying innumerable forces (social factors)
- biological and physical
17
Q
What are the properties comprehended in the word person?
A
- activities or behavior
- psychological factors
- limited power of choice
- purpose
18
Q
What is behavior
A
Activity in its gross and readily observed aspects
19
Q
What are the parts of psychological factors?
A
combination, resultants, or residues of the physical, biological, and social factors which have determined the history and the present state of the individual in relation to his present environment.
20
Q
the idea of free will is inculcated in the doctrines of
A
personal, moral and legal responsibility
21
Q
what kind of people are unfit for cooperation
A
- no sense of ego
- lacking in self-respect
- believe that what they do is unimportant
- no initiative
- problems
22
Q
The more options, the easier it is to make a choice. T/F
A
False
23
Q
The individual is a region of activities which are the combined effect of what factors:
A
Biological, social and physical
24
Q
What is purpose
A
the attempt to limit the conditions of choice, so that it is practicable to exercise the capacity of will
25
The failure of individuals to conform is deliberate opposition. T/F
False, they cannot conform
26
What are the ways of altering the conditions of behaviors?
* training
* inculcation of attitudes
* construction of incentives
27
The persistence of repeated choices in the same direction can change the factors of human life. T/F
True
28
When considering the person as an object, what term is most convenient?
Individualization
29
What are the bases of entering a cooperative system?
* purposes, desires, impulses of the moment
| * The alternatives available
30
What are motives?
Desires, impulses, wants
31
A man always knows his motive. T/F
False, sometimes we don't know until after the action is taken
32
The end sought represents motives of social and physiological origins. T/F
True.
33
Actions always have other effects which are not sought. T/F
True
34
Not sought effects are always trivial. T/F
False, sometimes they are nontrival (i.e. flip a stone that causes an avalanche)
35
When a specific desired end is attained we shall say that the action is _____
Effective
36
When the unsought consequences of the action are more important than the attainment of the desired end, they are ____
inefficient
37
When unsought consequences are trivial, the action is ___
efficient
38
An action that is efficient must be effective. T/F
False
39
Physical ends are:
* material objects
| * physical conditions (light, air, shade)
40
Social ends are:
* contact
| * interrelations, communication
41
Always, a social end involves physical consequences not sought. T/F
True
42
Always a specific end of a physical class involves social consequences not sought. T/F
False, usually, but not always
43
Actions to seek ends are always physical. T/F
True, and also may be social
44
The function of the executive is to:
* facilitate the synthesis in concrete action of contradictory forces
* reconcile conflicting forces, instincts, interests, conditions, positions, and ideals
45
The most common implication of the philosophy of individualism, of choice, and free will lies in the word ___
purpose
46
Limitations is the most common expression of the opposite philosophy of:
determination
behaviorism
socialism
47
Cooperation is a means of overcoming the limitations restricting what an individual can do. T/F
True
48
What are the two classes of factors of limitations
1. ) biological factors or capacities of the individual
| 2. ) Physical factors of the environment
49
Biological powers are set to work to overcome the limitations by changing a physical factor of the situation. T/F
True
50
When the limitation cannot be overcome the end must be rethought. T/F
False. It must be dropped
51
When men work together their biological powers increase. T/F
True
52
When biological factors are regarded as the limiting factor, and by cooperation those factors can be overcome, cooperation becomes the limiting factor. T/F
True
53
Cooperation most often fails. T/F
True
54
When is cooperation ineffective?
* The possible degree of combined human power is small
* combination involves disadvantages which may offset advantages
* in all except the most favorable circumstances, effectiveness depends on ordered combination of personal efforts
55
What are the classes of biological limitations of human beings as respects adaptation to the physical environment
* those relating to application of human energy to the environment (pushing, pulling, lifting, lowering)
* Those relating to perception
* Those relating to understanding or response to the environment
56
What are abilities of individuals for attention?
* mechanical power
* mechanical adaptation
* sensory ability
* perceptive capacity
* memory
* imagination
* capacity of choosing
57
In order to apply energy mechanical in a cooperative system, it can be achieved 3 ways
* combination of power
* Simultaneous work
* Speed of work
58
If efforts of individuals is sufficient, any task can be achieved. T/F
False, endurance might not be enough
59
Contemporaneous cooperation may be effective where which things in the group are superior to the corresponding factor in the individual?
* power factor
* endurance
* speed
* mechanical adaptation
60
The very process which produces effectiveness in one respect is also a cause of ineffectiveness in another. T/F
True
61
Cooperation depends on sense organs and perception. T/F
True
62
What are the types of contemporaneous cooperative observations?
* thing or events observed inside the area bounded by lines drawn by observers
* object is outside the area
63
Anyone can detect significant and technical observations in a complex system. T/F
False, experience is necessary
64
Effectiveness of cooperation depends upon adaptation of process in accordance with one principle
False, several different principles
65
Ineffective results in one respect must be tolerated to secure desirable results in another respect. T/F
True
66
Motives of cooperation are personal. T/F
True
67
____ purposes involve action upon the present environment intended to facilitate future accomplishments
Remote
68
What are the four kinds of remote purposes?
* change in environment for future action
* change to develop future utility
* require change in location for future use
* shaping of materials to make more effective the biological powers
69
Cooperative action is directly distributed. T/F
False, never directly and rarely all distributed
70
What are the two types of actions in cooperative systems that are absent from individual action?
* intended to facilitate cooperation itself
| * Intended to maintain cooperative system
71
What concepts are useful only in cooperative systems?
capital improvement
agricultural capital
working capital
equipment or fixed capital
72
Cooperative, physical quasi-mechanical operations have what activities?
* secure consumer's goods
* distribute consumer's goods
* to secure cooperative equipment
* to secure working capital
73
Simple systems of cooperation are interrelated with large complex systems taken for grated. T/F
True
74
The adjustments required in the case of cooperation are like the corresponding adjustments of individuals. T/F
False, they are unlike and physiological
75
The adjustment processes of dealing with limitation in cooperative systems is management. T/F
True
76
Management processes become the biggest limitation. T/F
True
77
How does instability happen in cooperations?
changes in physical environment
uncertainty of managerial processes, and
alteration of the character of purposes of action
78
The restriction or limitations necessary to choice must be exercised are:
* memory or conditioning
* physical
* biological
* social
79
Experience and choice of the individual depends on what two appraisals?
Power and determination
80
Memory and conditioning are the same. T/F
False, memory is inherent. Conditioning is trained
81
What two methods let one establish a relationship with another person (manage)
1. ) Narrow limitations
| 2. ) Expand opportunities
82
What methods are used by management to restrict the power of choice?
1. ) Narrow limitations
| 2. ) Expand opportunities
83
Behavior with reference to other people take place in what two forms?
1. )objects to be manipulated (indirect)
| 2. )subjects to be satisfied (direct)
84
Group interactions can be looked at in 2 ways:
* Individual acting towards a group
| * Many individuals that comprise a group
85
Groups can compel changes in the psychological character of an individual. T/F
True
86
Group factors do not affect cooperation. T/F
False, they are inescapable and important
87
Cooperative systems has deliberate relationship with individuals in tow aspects:
* bring the individual within the cooperative system
| * controlling his actions within the system
88
Cooperation has no effect on minds and emotions of individuals. T/F
False, and that becomes limitations
89
Effectiveness of the effort of an individual in cooperation has two meanings:
* reference to the relation of the specific effort to the cooperative result.
* reference to its status as one of an individual's chain of efforts contributed to the cooperative system as a means of satisfying person motives
90
Cooperative efficiency and effectiveness are the same T/F
False, efficiency is very much individual
91
Cooperative efficiency is dependent upon the marginal contributor. T/F
True
92
The most important general consequence of cooperation is social conditioning of all who participate and often those who do not. T/F
True
