Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 101 > Exam 1 (Ch.1,3,4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch.1,3,4) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

an approach that focuses on external, environmental influences on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behaviorism

A

a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable stimuli, responses, and consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Biological Perspective

A

an approach that focuses on physical causes of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth observation of one or a few participants or settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Casual hypothesis

A

an educated guess about how one variable will influence another variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes such as reasoning and problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

an approach that focuses on how mental processes influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Confidentiality

A

the ethical principle that researchers do not reveal which data were collected from which participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a tendency to interpret people’s behavior in a way that supports our expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cofounding Variables

A

factors other than the independent variable that affect the dependent measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Control Group

A

the group of participants who do not receive the manipulation that is being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Correlation

A

the relationship between two or more variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Critical Thinking

A

thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Debriefing

A

the ethical principle that participants be fully informed of the nature of the study after participating in research involving deception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable in an experiment that measures any effect of the manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Double-Blind Studies

A

experiments in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know to which group (experimental or control) participants have been assigned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eclectic approach

A

an approach that integrates and combines several perspectives when explaining behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

an approach that focuses on how evolution and natural selection influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Experiment

A

a research method that is used to test causal hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Experimental Group

A

the group of participants who receive the manipulation that is being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functionalism

A

an early psychological perspective concerned with how behavior helps people adapt to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Generalizability

A

how well a researcher’s findings apply to other individuals and situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Humanism

A

a psychological perspective that emphasizes the personal growth and potential of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

an approach that focuses on how peoples’ view of themselves and the world influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Independent variable

A

the variable in an experiment that is manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Informed Consent

A

the ethical principle that research participants be told about various aspects of the study, including any risks, before agreeing to participate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

a committee that reviews research proposals to ensure that ethical standards have been met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Introspection

A

observing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Meta-analyses

A

research procedures that combine the findings from a number of scientific studies on the same question or topic to establish the reliability of the findings, observe any overall trends, and to resolve any discrepancies among the research studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

research studies conducted in an environment in which the behavior typically occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Negative Correlation

A

a relationship in which increases in one variable correspond to decreases in the other variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neuroscience

A

a field of science that investigates the relationships between the nervous system and behavior/mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Placebo Effect

A

a measurable change in participants’ behavior due to the expectation or belief that a treatment will have certain effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Population of Interest

A

the entire universe of animals or people that could be studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Positive Correlation

A

a relationship in which increases in one variable correspond to increases in the other variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Positive Psychology

A

the study of factors that contribute to happiness, positive emotions, and well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Prediction

A

an expected outcome of how variables will relate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Predictive Hypothesis

A

an educated guess about the relationships among variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pseudo-psychology

A

psychological information or conclusions that sound scientific but have not been systematically tested using the scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Sigmund Freud’s view that emphasizes the influence of unconscious desires and conflicts on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

an approach that focuses on internal unconscious mental processes, motives, and desires that may explain behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

a research study that is not a true experiment because participants are not randomly assigned to the different conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Random Assignment

A

a method of assigning participants in which they have an equal chance of being placed in any group or condition of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Response

A

an organism’s reaction to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Sample

A

the portion of the population of interest that is selected for a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Scientific Method

A

a systematic process used by psychologists for testing hypotheses about behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

an approach that focuses on societal and cultural factors that may influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Stimulus

A

any object or event that is perceived by our senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Structuralism

A

an early psychological perspective concerned with identifying the basic elements of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Surveys

A

research methods that ask a large group of people about their attitudes, beliefs, and/or behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Theory

A

an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum intensity of a stimulus at which participants can identify its presence 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Accommodation

A

the process through which the lens is stretched or squeezed to focus light on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Amplitude

A

a physical property of some energies that corresponds to the height of wave peaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Attention

A

conscious awareness; can be focused on events that are taking place in the environment or inside our minds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

the nerve that carries information from the inner ear to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

the structure in the cochlear duct that contains the hair cells, which convert sound waves into neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

depth cues that utilize information from both eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Blindspot

A

the point where the optic nerve leaves the retina (the optic disk), where there are no rods or cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

perception that is not guided by prior knowledge or expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Brightness

A

the intensity of light; it corresponds to the amplitude of the light waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Closure

A

a Gestalt principle of perception that states that when we look at a stimulus, we tend to see it as a closed shape rather than lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Cochlea

A

the curled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Color Blindness

A

a condition in which a person cannot perceive one or more colors because of altered cone activity in the retina

67
Q

Cones

A

the cells of the retina that are sensitive to specific colors of light and send information to the brain concerning the colors we are seeing

68
Q

Cornea

A

the clear, slightly bulging outer surface of the eye that both protects the eye and begins the focusing process

69
Q

Cycle

A

a physical characteristic of energy defined as a wave peak and the valley that immediately follows it

70
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

the process through which our eyes adjust to dark conditions after having been exposed to bright light

71
Q

Decibels (dB)

A

the unit of measurement used to describe the loudness of a sound

72
Q

Dermis

A

the inner layer of the skin

73
Q

Epidermis

A

the inner layer of the skin

74
Q

Extrasensory Perception

A

also known as psi, the ability to acquire information about the world without using the known senses

75
Q

Feature Detection Theory

A

a theory of perception that proposes that we have specialized cells in the visual cortex, feature detectors, that fire only when they receive input that indicates we are looking at a particular shape, color, angle, or other visual feature

76
Q

Figure-ground

A

a Gestalt principle of perception that states that when we perceive a stimulus, we visually pull the figure part of the stimulus forward while visually pushing backward the background, or ground, part of the stimulus

77
Q

Frequency

A

a physical characteristic of energy defined as the number of cycles that occur in a given unit of time

78
Q

Frequency Theory

A

a theory that proposes that our brain decodes pitch directly from the frequency at which the hair cells of the basilar membrane are firing

79
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

a theory of pain that proposes that tiny neural networks in the spinal cord block pain signals from a particular part of the body when they receive additional neural signals from intense tactile stimulation being applied to the same part of the body

80
Q

Gestalt Approach

A

a psychological school of thought originating in Germany that proposed that the whole of a perception must be understood rather than trying to deconstruct perception into its parts

81
Q

Good Continuation

A

a Gestalt principle of perception that states that we have a preference for perceiving stimuli that seem to follow one another as part of a continuing pattern

82
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste

83
Q

Hair cells

A

neurons that grow out of the basilar membrane and convert sound waves into neural impulses

84
Q

Hue

A

the color of light; it corresponds to the light’s wavelength

85
Q

Inner Ear

A

the innermost portion of the ear that includes the cochlea

86
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

the minimum change in intensity of a stimulus that participants can detect 50% of the time

87
Q

Kinesthetics

A

the ability to sense the position of our body parts in relation to one another and in relation to space

88
Q

Lens

A

the part of the eye that lies behind the pupil and focuses light rays on the retina

89
Q

Light Adaptation

A

the process through which our eyes adjust to bright light after having been exposed to darkness

90
Q

Lock-and-Key theory

A

a theory that proposes that olfactory receptors are excited by odor molecules in a way that is similar to the way in which neurotransmitters excite receptor sites

91
Q

Loudness

A

the psychophysical property of sound that corresponds to the amplitude of a sound wave

92
Q

Middle Ear

A

the part of the ear behind the ear drum and in front of the oval window, including the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

93
Q
A
94
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A

depth cues that require information from only one eye

95
Q

Olfaction

A

the sense of smell

96
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

a special piece of skin at the top of the nasal cavity that contains the olfactory receptors

97
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

the idea that we have dual-action cells beyond the level of the retina that signal the brain when we see one of a pair of colors

98
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the point in the brain where the optic nerve from the left eye meets the optic nerve from the right eye

99
Q

Optic Nerve

A

the structure that conveys visual information away from the retina to the brain

100
Q

Outer Ear

A

the outermost parts of the ear, including the pinna, auditory canal, and surface of the ear drum

101
Q

Papillae

A

bumps on the tongue that many people mistake for taste buds

102
Q

Perception

A

the process through which we interpret sensory information

103
Q

Perceptual set

A

a general readiness to perceive something in a particular manner

104
Q

Pheromones

A

airborne chemicals that are released from glands and detected by the vomeronasal organs in some animals and perhaps humans

105
Q

Photopigments

A

light-sensitive chemicals that create electrical charges when they come into contact with light

106
Q

Pitch

A

the psychophysical property of sound that corresponds to the frequency of a sound wave

107
Q

Place Theory

A

a theory that proposes that our brain decodes pitch by noticing which region of the basilar membrane is most active

108
Q

Proximity

A

a Gestalt principle of perception that states that we tend to group close objects together during perception

109
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of how the mind interprets the physical properties of stimuli

110
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

a binocular depth cue that uses the difference in the images projected on the right and left retinas to inform the brain about the distance of a stimulus

111
Q

Retina

A

the structure at the back of the eye that contains cells that convert light into neural signals

112
Q

Rods

A

the light-sensitive cells of the retina that pick up any type of light energy and convert it to neural signals

113
Q

Saturation

A

the purity of light; light that consists of a single wavelength produces the richest or most saturated color

114
Q

Sensation

A

the process through which our sense organs convert environmental energy such as light and sound into neural signals

115
Q

Signal detection theory

A

states that our ability to detect the presence of a stimulus is affected by more than just the intensity of that stimulus. Factors such as fatigue, motivation, and attention may also affect these judgments

116
Q

Similarity

A

a Gestalt principle of perception that states that we tend to group like objects together during perception

117
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

when the intensity of a stimulus is below the participant’s absolute threshold and the participant is not consciously aware of the stimulus

118
Q

Taste Buds

A

the sense organs for taste that are found between the papillae on the tongue

119
Q

Top-down processing

A

perception that is guided by prior knowledge or expectations

120
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

the idea that color vision is made possible by the presence of three different types of cones in the retina that react, respectively, to red, green, or blue light

121
Q

Vestibular sense

A

the sense of balance

122
Q

Visible spectrum

A

the spectrum of light that humans can see

123
Q

Volley Theory

A

a theory that proposes that our brain decodes pitch by noticing the frequency at which groups of hair cells on the basilar membrane are firing

124
Q

Wavelength

A

a physical property of some energies that corresponds to the distance between wave peaks

125
Q

Weber’s Law

A

psychological principle that states that for each of our five senses, the amount of change in the stimulus that is necessary to produce a jnd depends on the intensity at which the stimulus is first presented

126
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

suggests that dreams do not have symbolic meaning, but are the by-product of the brain’s random firing of neural impulses during REM sleep

127
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24- to 25-hour cycle

128
Q

Consciousness

A

feelings, thoughts, and aroused states of which we are aware

129
Q

Continuity Hypothesis

A

suggests that dreaming is a way of coping with daily problems and issues

130
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that inhibit or slow down normal neural functioning

131
Q

Enuresis

A

a condition in which a person over the age of 5 shows an inability to control urination during sleep

132
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

a birth condition resulting from the mother’s chronic use of alcohol during pregnancy, characterized by facial and limb deformities and intellectual disability

133
Q

Hallucinogens

A

drugs that simultaneously excite and inhibit normal neural activity, thereby causing distortions in perception

134
Q

Hypnosis

A

a state of relaxation and heightened suggestibility

135
Q

Insomnia

A

a sleep disorder in which a person cannot get to sleep and/or stay asleep

136
Q

Latent Content

A

according to Freud, the symbolic meaning of a dream

137
Q

Manifest Content

A

according to Freud, what the dreamer recalls on awakening

138
Q

Meditation

A

a practice whereby a person focuses their attention on a singular source such as a word, bodily sensation, or object for a period of time

139
Q

Melatonin

A

a hormone in the body that facilitates sleep

140
Q

Memory Theory

A

suggests that dreams are a way to consolidate information and get rid of trivial details in our memories

141
Q

Microsleep

A

a brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity

142
Q

Mindfulness Meditation

A

a practice where a person intentionally focuses and pays attention to and experiences what is going on in the moment–their emotions, thoughts, and/or sensations–without judgment

143
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a rare sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during alert times of the day

144
Q

Neodissociation Theory

A

Hilgard’s proposal that hypnosis involves two simultaneous states: a hypnotic state and a hidden observer

145
Q

Nightmares

A

brief scary REM dreams that are often remembered

146
Q

Night Terrors

A

very frightening non-REM sleep episodes

147
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

the relaxing state of sleep in which the person’s eyes do not move

148
Q

Opiates

A

painkilling drugs that depress some brain areas and excite others

149
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

substances that influence the brain and thereby the individual’s behavior

150
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

a condition in which normal muscle paralysis does not occur, leading to violent movements during REM sleep

151
Q

REM Rebound

A

the loss of REM sleep is recouped by spending more time in REM on subsequent nights

152
Q

REM Sleep

A

an active state of sleep in which the person’s eyes move

153
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome

A

a neurological movement disorder occurring primarily at night in which a person has unpleasant sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them to relieve the discomfort

154
Q

Response Set Theory of Hypnosis

A

asserts that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but a cognitive set to respond appropriately to suggestions

155
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing during sleep

156
Q

Sleep Disorder

A

a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleeping

157
Q

Sleepwalking

A

a sleep disorder in which a person is mobile and may perform actions during non-REM slow-wave sleep

158
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that speed up normal brain functioning

159
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

a condition in which a person cannot control their drug use and continues to use a drug despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, risky use, as well as evidence of tolerance or withdrawal

160
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus that signal other brain areas when to be aroused and when to shut down

161
Q

THC

A

the active ingredient in marijuana that affects learning, short-term memory, coordination, emotion, and appetite

162
Q

Threat Simulation Theory

A

suggests that dreaming is an ancient biological defense mechanism that allows us to repeatedly simulate potentially threatening situations so that we can rehearse our responses to these events

163
Q

Tolerance

A

a condition in which after repeated use, more of a drug is needed to achieve the same effect

164
Q

Withdrawal Symptoms

A

physical or behavioral effects that occur after a person stops using a drug

Psych 101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions