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Plant Biology Exams > Exam 1 Ch.1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

plants, like animals are __________

A

Multicellular eukaryotes

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2
Q

Plants are _____

A

diverse
plants have evolved the ability to thrive in diverse land habitats

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3
Q

what are the types of plants

A

Land plants
Vascular plants
Seed plants
Flowering plants

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4
Q

plants make people

A

happy

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5
Q

plants produce considerable amounts of the _________ we breathe

A

oxygen

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6
Q

phytoplankton

A

produce the majority of earths oxygen (at least 50-80%)

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7
Q

plant produce most of the chemically stored energy we consume as _____ and _______

A

food and burn for fuel

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8
Q

plants produce an amazing assortment of useful _____

A

chemicals

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9
Q

Joseph Priestly

A

discovered oxygen in 1774

recognized animals breathing injured the air and passed out in sealed containers but recognized that plants restore the air when in the sealed container

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10
Q

we now know that plants produce oxygen as a __________ of photosynthesis

A

by-product

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11
Q

plants convert CO2 gas into sugars through the process of _______

A

photosyhtensis

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12
Q

plants can produce an amazing assortment of ______

A

chemicals
vitamin A, Vitamin C, vanillin, caffeine, morphine

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13
Q

why study plants?

A

to help conserve endangered plants and threatened environments

to learn more about the natural world

to better harness the abilities of plants to provide us with food, medicines, and energy

informs us about the world

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14
Q

where were cells first observed

A

plants

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15
Q

_____ were first purified from plants

A

viruses

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16
Q

mendel’s studies of peas revealed the ___ __ _____ which helps understand human diseases such as sickle cell anemia and hemophilia as well as countless other human diseases that have a genetic contribution

A

laws of inheritance

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17
Q

mendels work laid the foundation for the sciences of ____ ____ and ____ ____

A

plant genetics and plant breeding

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18
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

distinguished plant breeder

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19
Q

the major objective of plant biology

A

to increase food production

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20
Q

we need to increase food production by

A

70%

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21
Q

how many people died from hunger in 2004

A

60 million people

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22
Q

how many people are hungry globally

A

1 billion people

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23
Q

how many people per year are chronically anemic due to iron deficiency

A

2 billion people

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24
Q

how do plant scientists contribute to alleviating hunger

A

By developing plants that:

are drought or stress-tolerant

require less fertilizer or water

are resistant to pathogens

are more nutritious

25
Q

what is plant growth limited by

A

drought stress

26
Q

drought increases with

A

increasing global temperature

27
Q

how much do crop yields drop in warm regions

A

about 3-5% with every 1 degree celsius increase in temp

28
Q

mild drought stress

A

reduces the rate of photosynthesis and growth, whereas extreme drought stress is lethal

29
Q

the bad cycle

A

heat and drought reduce plant yields

more land must be cleared to grow more plants

removing tree to make more room for crops puts more co2 in the atmosphere

30
Q

what can be altered to increase a plants drought tolerance

A

a single gene

31
Q

what contributes to drought tolerance

A

a large root system

32
Q

Fertilizer

A

energy-demanding limiting resource

33
Q

whats in fertilizer

A

potassium, phosphate, nitrogen, and other nutrients

34
Q

potassium and phosphate

A

are non-renewable, mined resources

35
Q

synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers

A

requires huge amounts of energy

36
Q

Agricultural fertilizer

A

a considerable source of environmental pollution

37
Q

fertilizer run-off causes _____algal blooms that then decay, reducing oxygen levels in the water and making animal life impossible

A

dead zones

38
Q

what can reduce the need for fertilizer

A

more efficient transport system in the roots

39
Q

what plants is being used to cross crop plants to reduce crop plants dependency on fertilizers and water?

A

Perennial plants
- plants that uptake water and nutrients better than most crops

40
Q

the two serious diseases that threaten the world?

A

Phytophthora infestans
Puccinia graminis tritici

41
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

cause of potato late blight, has re-emerged as a threat

42
Q

Puccinia graminis tritici

A

the wheat stem rust fungus,
has developed into a highly
aggressive form

43
Q

what destroys potato plants

A

light blight caused by Phytophthora infectants

44
Q

genetics

A

identified the gene conferring resistance and are introducing it into edible varieties
identification of resistance genes

45
Q

Ug99

A

wheat stem rust
highly pathogenic strain emerged in Uganda in 1999
most wheat has no resistance to this strain
global problem
carried by wind

46
Q

what can improvement in nutrient content in plants help?

A

Alleviate malnutrition
Subsistence-level diets are usually nutrient-poor. Our bodies need vitamins and minerals as well as calories. Malnutrition is primarily a disease of poverty

47
Q

fortifying foods

A

implementing vitamins(folate and vitamin A) and micronutrients(iron, zinc, and iodine) has dramatically reduced malnutrition in much of the world

48
Q

Cassava

A

staple food crop in much of africa but low in nutrients
Scientists have recently identified a variant that produces much more vitamin A that the standard variety

49
Q

what else do plants provide other than food

A

Plants:
* are sources of novel therapeutic drugs
* provide better fibers for paper or fabric
* are sources of biorenewable products
* provide renewable energy sources

50
Q

compounds produced in plants that are used in medicines or drugs

A

*Willow (Salix) bark as a source of aspirin
(acetylsalicylic acid)
*Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) as a source of
digitalis (treatment for cardiac problems)
*Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) as a source of taxol
(treatment for cancer)
*Coffee (Coffea arabica) and tea (Camellia sinensis)
as sources of caffeine (stimulant)

51
Q

Malaria

A

The protozoan Plasmodium causes malaria
Plasmodium is transferred into humans by infected mosquitoes
Cinchona tree bark contains quinine, which kills Plasmodium but they are developing a resistance

52
Q

Gin and Quinine

A

British soldiers in tropical regions were given quinine pills to prevent malaria. To disguise its bitter flavor, quinine was mixed with sweet,
carbonated water (“tonic”) and frequently also with gin – the origin of the “gin and tonic.”

53
Q

Artemisia annua

A

a plant with novel antimalarial activities
Chinese herbalists have used Artemisia for
thousands of years. In 1972 the active ingredient, artemisinin, was purified
Plant scientists are developing higher-producing Artemisia

54
Q

plants can make safe and inexpensive what?

A

edible vaccines and antibodies

55
Q

plant cell walls

A

provide important durable material
composed mainly of carbohydrates and proteins
some contain rigid secondary walls that incorporate lignin, and insoluble cross-linking compound

56
Q

plants also provide what

A

fibers for paper and fabric

57
Q

petroleum

A

NOT a renewable source
plants can replace petroleum for many products and purposed
takes millions of years to convert dead organic matter into petroleum

58
Q

biofuels

A

Plants can be a source of biofuels
Sugars, starches and cellulose can be fermented into ethanol
Biofuels produced from rapeseed, algae
and soybeans are replacing petroleum-
derived diesel

59
Q
A

Plant Biology Exams (2 decks)

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