Exam 1 (ch.1) Flashcards
the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts
Penology
The term first used to describe secure facilities used to hold offenders serving a criminal sentence; still used today for some older highly secure prisons
Penitentiary
The range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders
Corrections
A legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime
Penal Code.
An Italian theorist who in the eighteenth century first suggested that linking crime causation to punishments and became known as the founder of the Classical School of criminology
Cesare Beccaria
The theory linking crime causation to punishment, based on offenders’ free will and hedonism
Classical School
Creator of the hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing their crime
Jeremy Bentham
The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain and that individuals are constantly calculating the pluses and minuses of their potential actions
Hedonistic Calculus
The belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control
Positive School
The Italian physician who in the nineteenth century founded the Positive School
Cesare Lombroso
A compromise between Classical and Positive Schools, while holding offenders accountable for their crimes, allowing for some consideration of mitigating and aggravating circumstances
Neoclassical School
. Used in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to remove criminals from society by sending them to British Colonies such as America
Transportation
Early term for jails
Goals
The sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who encouraged reform of English jails in the late 1700s
John Howard
The first penitentiary in the United States (built under Quaker values, hard work during the day, silent at night to reflect)
Walnut Street Jail
The “separate and silent” system of prison operations emphasizing reformation and avoidance of criminal contamination (solitary 24/7, worked alone in cell)
Pennsylvania system
The congregate and silent operations of prisons, in which inmates were allowed to work together during the day, but had to stay separate and silent at other times
Auburn system
An environment emphasizing reformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused offenders’ attention on their future
Reformatory Era
Prison operations with emphasis on having inmates work and produce products that could help to make the prisons self-sustaining
Industrial Prison Era
An era of prison operations in which enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons resulted in an increase in prisoner discontent and prison riots
Period of Transition
Hands-off doctrine: An avoidance by the U.S Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
Hands-off doctrine
An era of prison management emphasizing the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and implementation of many self-improvement programs
Rehabilitative Era
A theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality, and needed to be diagnosed and treated, and the rehabilitative programs would resolve offenders’ problems and prepare them for release into the community able to be productive and crime-free
Medical model
An era of corrections that emphasizes holding offenders accountable for their acts and being tough on criminals while keeping them isolated from law-abiding citizens and making them serve “hard” time
Retributive Era
The correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering
Punishment
Infliction of punishment on those who deserve to be punished
Retribution
The result of the 1983 case of Solem v. Helm; a test used to guide sentencing based on the gravity of the offense and consistency of the severity of punishment
Test of Proportionality
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes
Specific Deterrence
The recognition that criminal acts result in punishment, and the effect of that recognition on society that prevents future crimes
General Deterrence
Reducing offenders’ ability or capacity to commit further crimes
Incapacitation
Incarceration of high-risk offenders for preventive reasons based on what they are expected to do, not what they have already done
Selective Incapacitation
. A programmed effort to alter the attitudes and behaviors of inmates and improve their likelihood of becoming law abiding citizens
Rehabilitation
The state of relapse that occurs when offenders complete their criminal punishment and then continue to commit crimes (return to crime)
Recidivism
Acts by which criminals make right or repay society ot their victims for their wrongs
Restitution
The criminal justice system’s recognition that victims should be involved in the process of sentencing criminals
Victims’ movement
Models of sentencing that shift the focus away from punishment of the offender and emphasize involving the victim while holding offenders accountable for the harm they caused and finding opportunities for them to repair the damage
Restorative Justice
A program in which prison inmates are allowed to leave the prison early to reside in a halfway house and prepare for reentry to the community
Furlough
An attitude that criminals should be severely punished for their wrongdoings and long prison sentences are the most effective criminal sanction
“Tough on Crime”
