Exam 1 - Ch. 3/7/11/17 Flashcards
1
Q
Water’s dielectric constant
A
reduces electrostatic attraction b/t charges
2
Q
Ionization of water
A
protons don’t exist in water, form hydronium ion, equal amounts of H+ and OH-
3
Q
Mechanism of buffer
A
equilibrium of acid and conjugate base - add acid - reacts w/base to form more acid, add base reacts w/acid forming H2O shifting equil. toward base
4
Q
Optimum pH of buffer
A
when = pK, also good when buffer components have = [ ]
5
Q
Capacity of buffers
A
depends on [ ] of acid/conjugate base pair + ratio of concentrations
- more buffer = more H+/OH- can be absorbed w/no pH change
6
Q
Bicarbonate buffer in blood
A
pK = 6.1 - lower b/c open system, contains more bicarb b/c metabolism produces acid so need neutralize
CO2 + H2O equil to H2CO3 equil H+ and bicarb
7
Q
Phosphate buffer (intracellular)
A
pK = 7.2
H2PO4(-)/HPO4(2-)
8
Q
Protein buffer (everywhere)
A
pK = 7
contain ionizable groups in side chains that can donate/accept protons
9
Q
Hydrophobic interactions
A
b/t NP groups to minimize int’n w/H2O
- H2O can move more freely w/HP int’n (INC entropy)
- H2O doesn’t like dissolved substance
10
Q
Soap
A
amphipathic - NP tail and CO2-Na+ (P) head
11
Q
Ion Ion
A
strongest; 1/R
12
Q
Ion dipole
A
middle; 1/R2 dipole strongest when close to ion
13
Q
Ion induced dipole
A
weakest; 1/R4
14
Q
Van der Waals
A
attractive forces b/t dipoles; short range int’n; 1/R6
perm to perm, perm to induced, induce to induced
15
Q
Induced to induced dipole interaction also known as
A
London dispersion forces
16
Q
pKa and Ka
A
low pKa and high Ka = strong acid, more dissociated
v.v.
17
Q
(w/v) 2.1%
A
2.1g/100ml
18
Q
Normality
A
(equivalent x 1000)/volume of solution
19
Q
How to calculate normality equivalents
A
MW/g equivalent where g equiv. = how many [H+] need to neutralize molecule
20
Q
Osmolarity
A
molarity x osmoles where osmoles = # particles dissociates into
21
Q
Lipids
A
heterogenous, insoluble in H2O, small molecules <1000
22
Q
Biological roles of lipids
A
storage form of energy (fats), structural (membranes), protective (poor conductors/thermal insulators and protective coating)
23
Q
Fatty acids
A
monoCA, most in TGs and membrane bound lipid molecules; react w/ROH for ester/water
24
Q
UFA
A
mostly cis, no pack as tight, less energy to break, susceptible to oxidation
liquid @RT
25
PUFA
2+ dbs, cis 1,4 dbs
26
Simple lipids
glycerides, veg. oils, waxes
27
Glycerides
storage
| glycerol used for mono/di/triglycerides (esters) by adding CA
28
Wax
ester of long chain FA + long chain alcohol
- protective, H2O repellant
- neutral lipid
29
Vegetable oil
neutral lipid
30
Saponification
ester + base gets parent alcohol + carboxylate salt
31
Form micelle vs. bilayer
Micelle if C.S. of head > tail
| Bilayer if C.S. of head < tail
32
Hard water
lots of Ca/Mg/Fe salts displace Na/K in detergent and form insoluble scum on water
33
Solution for hard water
detergents form soluble Ca/Fe/Mg salts but were biodegradable so add phosphate by chelating salts so no scum
34
Glycerophospholipids
glycerol w/2esters and a phosphate ester, esterified w/phorphoric acid
35
Phospholipids
amiphathic, FA chain and polar head
- phosphoglycerides
- sphingomyelins
36
Sphingolipids
structure, plant/animal membranes
37
Glycolipids
saponifiable, neutral lipids
38
Lipoproteins
occur in plasma, water soluble, transport TG/C from one organ to another; noncovalent associations of lipids (TG/CE and PL/C) w/proteins (AP)
39
Chylomicron
highest % TG, lowest % PL, lowest d
40
HDL
lowest % TG, highest % PL, highest d
41
Proteolipids
high lipid, low protein parts
| - relatively insoluble in (aq)
42
Eicosanoids
derived from archidonic acid
| function: BP, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, immune response
43
Aspirin
inhibits COX, prevents formation of prostaglandins (anti-inflamm)
44
NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
COX inhibitors
45
Isoprenoids
repeating isoprene units
| - consists of terpenes and steroids
46
fat soluble vitamins
A/D/E/K (AED all derived from terpene)
47
Vitamin A
vision
| deficiency = night blindness, excess = fatal
48
Rhodopsin define
rods adapted to low light (rhodopsin= photocomplex in rods)
| - consists of opsim and visual pigment 11-cis-retinal
49
Process of rhodopsin
form 11-cis-retinal imine w/opsim protein 2. add hv,, isomerizes to all trans dbs as bathorhodopsin 3. decompose to all trans retinal 4. isomerize retinal to 11-cis-retinal and add opsim to reform rhodopsin
50
Vitamin D needs what to form, function
skin, liver, kidney, UV light
| fxn: stimulate Ca/phosphate adsorption across intestinal wall
51
Vitamin E
anxtioxidant (more readily oxidized than other cellular materials)
- hydroquinone (OH-) to quinone (ketone)
52
Vitamin K
coagulation/antihemorrhagic, chelated structure converts fibrinogen to fibrin (leads to clotting)
53
Warfarin
synthetic analog of vit. K - prevent clotting by displacing K
- anticoagulant (DEC clotting)
54
Steroids
4 rings (6ABC, 5D) - amphipathic, major soaps
55
Bile acids
steroid w/CA in R group (on D point)
56
Adrenal cortical steroids
glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, sex hormones
57
Glucocorticoids
lead to glucogenesis (formation of CHOs), lipid mobilization
58
Mineral corticoids
act on H2O/electrolyte balance
| - stimulate retention of Na+ and excretion of K+ by kidneys
59
Sex hormones
testosterone and estradiol
60
Membrane composition
varying levels of protein/lipid/CHO, each characteristic of species/tissue/organelle membrane
different fxn = diff proteins
61
Membrane Protein Functions
catalysis, bind specific ligands to receptor proteins, specific transport proteins
62
Unit hypothesis
gorter/grendel 1920 - proteins always on outside
- membrane = static
- showed in freeze fracture (can split), EM, sonication
63
Lipid assymetry
each half = different, add PL molecules from cytoplasmic face of existing membrane - transfer to make balanced
64
Phospholipid motions
lateral (remain on one side), rotational, transverse (flippase out to in - floppase opp.)
65
Lipid fluidity (UFA kinks)
viscosity of lipid bilayer = % UFA
| - more = more fluid
66
Lipid rafts
specialized microdomains in external side of PM
67
what composes lipid rafts
mainly cholesterol, sphingolipids, also membrane proteins
| - less fluid, tighter packed than more loose packed lipids surrounding
68
Integral proteins (intrinsic)
water soluble, structural/fxnal, embedded in HP tails, only removed by organic solvent/detergent
69
How does detergent remove integral protein
displaces int'n b/t HP tails and bilayer w/the HP tail of detergent
- bind so have pseudomicelle @HP part, rest of protein = hydrophilic so whole thing = H2O sol.
70
Peripheral proteins (extrinsic)
water soluble, inside or outside of bilayer, electrostatic bonding (noncov.) to bilayer
71
How to remove peripheral proteins
change in pH (neutralizes protein), ionic strength (interfere/breaks up int'ns), add urea (new HB b/t protein/bilayer), chelators
72
Lipid anchors
can distinguish protein type w/esterase
| - if cleaves and protein = sol. (extrinsic), no HP sequences b/t FA and membrane
73
Anchor proteins
held into mem. by amide bound lipid and its HP bonds w/mem. (lipoprotein)
74
Evidence of asymmetric distribution of mem. proteins
Ethy acetamide (EA) and isoethiomyl acetamiditade (IEA)
75
EA
small, easily transverse membrane
| or use freeze fracture to show asymm.
76
IEA
ionic, only binds to proteins on outside - prove w/electrophoresis label to show where interact w/proteins
77
Membrane protein fluidity - experimental evidence
fuse human antigen cell w/mouse cells - o.g. on own side, eventually mix so proteins = mobile
78
Types of membrane protein movement
intrinsic can do lateral movement (can move over each other), no transverse
extrinsic can do lateral movement too
79
Fluid mosaic model of membrane
singer/nicholson 1972 - mem. proteins can be on inside, outside, or both (transverse)
- PL are fluid b/c UFA
80
Passive transport - simple diffusion
small molecules cross mem. - random motion
- rate depends [g] of molecule
- H to L - stops @ equil.
81
[g]
concentration gradient
82
Passive transport - facilitated diffusion
large/charged molecules, permease (protein facilitates transfer)
- HB b/t H2O and -OH on Glc
- free energy>0 when break HB, <0 when reform
83
Facilitated transport w/ vs w/out permease
1. sep. H2O and Glc (G>0), go through, when pass, new HB b/t Glc and H2O (G<0)
2. Glc gets rid of HB (G>0), HB b/t Glc and permease (G<0), reform HB H2O/Glc when pass
84
Transporter characteristics
specificity (match carrier to molecule type)
saturability (if V no INC w/[transported molecule] then saturated
diffusion proceeds down [g] H to L
85
Transporter types
uniport (1 mol. 1 port), simultaneous transport of >1 molecule, mobile carrier (enclose mol. and come out other side - uniport or multiple)
86
What protein carrier used for mobile carrier
permease/translocase/cyclic peptide
87
Synport vs Antiport
syn = same direction
anti = going opposite directions
(still facil., use [g])
88
Active transport
one molecules goes against [g]
| primary, secondary, group translocation
89
Primary transport
use energy from ATP to drive movement of material against [g]/diffusion
- ATPase has 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
90
Secondary active transport
energy released from H to L used to transport 2nd substance low to high
91
Group translocation
free Glc moves depending on [g], if Glc phosphorylated to Glc-6-PO4(-2) can't leave b/t charged and no transporter to move it
92
All active transport show
saturation, specificity, and are subject to specific inhibitors
93
Ion channels
specific, go down [g], can be uniport or multiple
94
What transport uses protein carrier
facilitated, active, ion channels
95
What transport are saturable
facilitated, active
96
only transports that produce gradient and are energy dependent
active
97
CHO functions
energy source, storage form of energy, carbon source for biosynthesis, structural, informational role
98
Classify CHO by
```
aldo vs keto
# carbons
types of saccharide
```
99
Monosaccharide
C3-7, every C has OH except carbonyl, soluble in H2O
100
Enantiomer
mirror image - front to back back to front
101
stereoisomer
same connectivity - different orientation
102
Epimer
differ in one chiral center
103
Diastereoisomer
swap one group on chiral center (out of 2)
104
Fischer - R alpha L beta
Haworth down alpha up beta
105
GCB
anomeric C OH + alcohol or sugar
- no mutarotation b/c can't reverse equil to hemi
stabe to base, labile to acid
106
Mutarotation
resulting from glucose 99% cyclic, 1% straight chain
107
Specific rotations
alpha 112 beta 18 mix 52.7, more beta, can change optical activity/rotation of polarized light
108
How to make hemiacetal/actal
start w/aldehyde (or ketone) and add acid, add again for full blown
109
Sugar acids
oxidized glucose
110
Vit C
L-escorbic acid and L-dehydroescorbic acid
| - required in conversion of proline/lysine to hydroxyproline/lysine (collagen synthesis)
111
Sugar alcohol
reduced glucose
112
Amino sugar
OH on C2 replaced by amine
113
Deoxy sugar
replace OH w/H
114
Maltose
alpha 1 4 b/c D-glc units - can show mutarotation b/c RE
115
Lactose
beta D galactose beta 1-4 to alpha D-Glc
116
Sucrose
alpha D-glc alpha 1-2 to beta D fructose
| - non reducing/invert sugar
117
Starch
alpha 1-4 b/t alpha D-Glc units plus alpha 1-6 from amylopectin
- every 15-20 = branch
118
Glycogen
alpha 1-6 b/t alpha D-glc, branch every 8-10
119
alpha amylase
endoenzyme - can be anywhere, do from interior, not last 2
120
beta amylase
exoenzyme, removes 2 Glc as maltose from NRE
121
debranching enzyme
breaks alpha 1-6 GCBs
122
Glycosaminoglycans
contain monosacc. of negative charges and derivative of n-aminoglucose sulfates
123
Glycoprotieins
H2O soluble
1. O liked oligosacc.
2. N-linked glycoproteins
124
O linked oligosaccharides
bond b/t CHO and protein
| aa can be serine, threonine, hydroxylysine
125
N linked glycoproteins
bond b/t CHO and amino group of asparagine (ASN), O in GCB turned N
CHO parts fxn as recognition factors
126
Proteoglycans
high MW, mostly glycosamino glycans
| low protein, but higher CHO than glycoproteins
127
Lipopolysaccharides
water soluble, can have many sugars attached, cerebroside w/multiple CHOs
