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Biochemistry > Exam 1 - Ch. 3/7/11/17 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 3/7/11/17 Flashcards

1
Q

Water’s dielectric constant

A

reduces electrostatic attraction b/t charges

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2
Q

Ionization of water

A

protons don’t exist in water, form hydronium ion, equal amounts of H+ and OH-

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3
Q

Mechanism of buffer

A

equilibrium of acid and conjugate base - add acid - reacts w/base to form more acid, add base reacts w/acid forming H2O shifting equil. toward base

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4
Q

Optimum pH of buffer

A

when = pK, also good when buffer components have = [ ]

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5
Q

Capacity of buffers

A

depends on [ ] of acid/conjugate base pair + ratio of concentrations
- more buffer = more H+/OH- can be absorbed w/no pH change

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6
Q

Bicarbonate buffer in blood

A

pK = 6.1 - lower b/c open system, contains more bicarb b/c metabolism produces acid so need neutralize
CO2 + H2O equil to H2CO3 equil H+ and bicarb

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7
Q

Phosphate buffer (intracellular)

A

pK = 7.2

H2PO4(-)/HPO4(2-)

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8
Q

Protein buffer (everywhere)

A

pK = 7

contain ionizable groups in side chains that can donate/accept protons

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9
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

b/t NP groups to minimize int’n w/H2O

  • H2O can move more freely w/HP int’n (INC entropy)
  • H2O doesn’t like dissolved substance
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10
Q

Soap

A

amphipathic - NP tail and CO2-Na+ (P) head

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11
Q

Ion Ion

A

strongest; 1/R

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12
Q

Ion dipole

A

middle; 1/R2 dipole strongest when close to ion

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13
Q

Ion induced dipole

A

weakest; 1/R4

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14
Q

Van der Waals

A

attractive forces b/t dipoles; short range int’n; 1/R6

perm to perm, perm to induced, induce to induced

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15
Q

Induced to induced dipole interaction also known as

A

London dispersion forces

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16
Q

pKa and Ka

A

low pKa and high Ka = strong acid, more dissociated

v.v.

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17
Q

(w/v) 2.1%

A

2.1g/100ml

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18
Q

Normality

A

(equivalent x 1000)/volume of solution

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19
Q

How to calculate normality equivalents

A

MW/g equivalent where g equiv. = how many [H+] need to neutralize molecule

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20
Q

Osmolarity

A

molarity x osmoles where osmoles = # particles dissociates into

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21
Q

Lipids

A

heterogenous, insoluble in H2O, small molecules <1000

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22
Q

Biological roles of lipids

A

storage form of energy (fats), structural (membranes), protective (poor conductors/thermal insulators and protective coating)

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23
Q

Fatty acids

A

monoCA, most in TGs and membrane bound lipid molecules; react w/ROH for ester/water

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24
Q

UFA

A

mostly cis, no pack as tight, less energy to break, susceptible to oxidation
liquid @RT

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25
Q

PUFA

A

2+ dbs, cis 1,4 dbs

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26
Q

Simple lipids

A

glycerides, veg. oils, waxes

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27
Q

Glycerides

A

storage

glycerol used for mono/di/triglycerides (esters) by adding CA

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28
Q

Wax

A

ester of long chain FA + long chain alcohol

  • protective, H2O repellant
  • neutral lipid
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29
Q

Vegetable oil

A

neutral lipid

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30
Q

Saponification

A

ester + base gets parent alcohol + carboxylate salt

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31
Q

Form micelle vs. bilayer

A

Micelle if C.S. of head > tail

Bilayer if C.S. of head < tail

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32
Q

Hard water

A

lots of Ca/Mg/Fe salts displace Na/K in detergent and form insoluble scum on water

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33
Q

Solution for hard water

A

detergents form soluble Ca/Fe/Mg salts but were biodegradable so add phosphate by chelating salts so no scum

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34
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A

glycerol w/2esters and a phosphate ester, esterified w/phorphoric acid

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35
Q

Phospholipids

A

amiphathic, FA chain and polar head

  • phosphoglycerides
  • sphingomyelins
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36
Q

Sphingolipids

A

structure, plant/animal membranes

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37
Q

Glycolipids

A

saponifiable, neutral lipids

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38
Q

Lipoproteins

A

occur in plasma, water soluble, transport TG/C from one organ to another; noncovalent associations of lipids (TG/CE and PL/C) w/proteins (AP)

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39
Q

Chylomicron

A

highest % TG, lowest % PL, lowest d

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40
Q

HDL

A

lowest % TG, highest % PL, highest d

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41
Q

Proteolipids

A

high lipid, low protein parts

- relatively insoluble in (aq)

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42
Q

Eicosanoids

A

derived from archidonic acid

function: BP, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, immune response

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43
Q

Aspirin

A

inhibits COX, prevents formation of prostaglandins (anti-inflamm)

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44
Q

NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

A

COX inhibitors

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45
Q

Isoprenoids

A

repeating isoprene units

- consists of terpenes and steroids

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46
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A/D/E/K (AED all derived from terpene)

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47
Q

Vitamin A

A

vision

deficiency = night blindness, excess = fatal

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48
Q

Rhodopsin define

A

rods adapted to low light (rhodopsin= photocomplex in rods)

- consists of opsim and visual pigment 11-cis-retinal

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49
Q

Process of rhodopsin

A

form 11-cis-retinal imine w/opsim protein 2. add hv,, isomerizes to all trans dbs as bathorhodopsin 3. decompose to all trans retinal 4. isomerize retinal to 11-cis-retinal and add opsim to reform rhodopsin

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50
Q

Vitamin D needs what to form, function

A

skin, liver, kidney, UV light

fxn: stimulate Ca/phosphate adsorption across intestinal wall

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51
Q

Vitamin E

A

anxtioxidant (more readily oxidized than other cellular materials)
- hydroquinone (OH-) to quinone (ketone)

52
Q

Vitamin K

A

coagulation/antihemorrhagic, chelated structure converts fibrinogen to fibrin (leads to clotting)

53
Q

Warfarin

A

synthetic analog of vit. K - prevent clotting by displacing K
- anticoagulant (DEC clotting)

54
Q

Steroids

A

4 rings (6ABC, 5D) - amphipathic, major soaps

55
Q

Bile acids

A

steroid w/CA in R group (on D point)

56
Q

Adrenal cortical steroids

A

glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, sex hormones

57
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

lead to glucogenesis (formation of CHOs), lipid mobilization

58
Q

Mineral corticoids

A

act on H2O/electrolyte balance

- stimulate retention of Na+ and excretion of K+ by kidneys

59
Q

Sex hormones

A

testosterone and estradiol

60
Q

Membrane composition

A

varying levels of protein/lipid/CHO, each characteristic of species/tissue/organelle membrane
different fxn = diff proteins

61
Q

Membrane Protein Functions

A

catalysis, bind specific ligands to receptor proteins, specific transport proteins

62
Q

Unit hypothesis

A

gorter/grendel 1920 - proteins always on outside

  • membrane = static
  • showed in freeze fracture (can split), EM, sonication
63
Q

Lipid assymetry

A

each half = different, add PL molecules from cytoplasmic face of existing membrane - transfer to make balanced

64
Q

Phospholipid motions

A

lateral (remain on one side), rotational, transverse (flippase out to in - floppase opp.)

65
Q

Lipid fluidity (UFA kinks)

A

viscosity of lipid bilayer = % UFA

- more = more fluid

66
Q

Lipid rafts

A

specialized microdomains in external side of PM

67
Q

what composes lipid rafts

A

mainly cholesterol, sphingolipids, also membrane proteins

- less fluid, tighter packed than more loose packed lipids surrounding

68
Q

Integral proteins (intrinsic)

A

water soluble, structural/fxnal, embedded in HP tails, only removed by organic solvent/detergent

69
Q

How does detergent remove integral protein

A

displaces int’n b/t HP tails and bilayer w/the HP tail of detergent
- bind so have pseudomicelle @HP part, rest of protein = hydrophilic so whole thing = H2O sol.

70
Q

Peripheral proteins (extrinsic)

A

water soluble, inside or outside of bilayer, electrostatic bonding (noncov.) to bilayer

71
Q

How to remove peripheral proteins

A

change in pH (neutralizes protein), ionic strength (interfere/breaks up int’ns), add urea (new HB b/t protein/bilayer), chelators

72
Q

Lipid anchors

A

can distinguish protein type w/esterase

- if cleaves and protein = sol. (extrinsic), no HP sequences b/t FA and membrane

73
Q

Anchor proteins

A

held into mem. by amide bound lipid and its HP bonds w/mem. (lipoprotein)

74
Q

Evidence of asymmetric distribution of mem. proteins

A

Ethy acetamide (EA) and isoethiomyl acetamiditade (IEA)

75
Q

EA

A

small, easily transverse membrane

or use freeze fracture to show asymm.

76
Q

IEA

A

ionic, only binds to proteins on outside - prove w/electrophoresis label to show where interact w/proteins

77
Q

Membrane protein fluidity - experimental evidence

A

fuse human antigen cell w/mouse cells - o.g. on own side, eventually mix so proteins = mobile

78
Q

Types of membrane protein movement

A

intrinsic can do lateral movement (can move over each other), no transverse
extrinsic can do lateral movement too

79
Q

Fluid mosaic model of membrane

A

singer/nicholson 1972 - mem. proteins can be on inside, outside, or both (transverse)
- PL are fluid b/c UFA

80
Q

Passive transport - simple diffusion

A

small molecules cross mem. - random motion

  • rate depends [g] of molecule
  • H to L - stops @ equil.
81
Q

[g]

A

concentration gradient

82
Q

Passive transport - facilitated diffusion

A

large/charged molecules, permease (protein facilitates transfer)

  • HB b/t H2O and -OH on Glc
  • free energy>0 when break HB, <0 when reform
83
Q

Facilitated transport w/ vs w/out permease

A
  1. sep. H2O and Glc (G>0), go through, when pass, new HB b/t Glc and H2O (G<0)
  2. Glc gets rid of HB (G>0), HB b/t Glc and permease (G<0), reform HB H2O/Glc when pass
84
Q

Transporter characteristics

A

specificity (match carrier to molecule type)
saturability (if V no INC w/[transported molecule] then saturated
diffusion proceeds down [g] H to L

85
Q

Transporter types

A

uniport (1 mol. 1 port), simultaneous transport of >1 molecule, mobile carrier (enclose mol. and come out other side - uniport or multiple)

86
Q

What protein carrier used for mobile carrier

A

permease/translocase/cyclic peptide

87
Q

Synport vs Antiport

A

syn = same direction
anti = going opposite directions
(still facil., use [g])

88
Q

Active transport

A

one molecules goes against [g]

primary, secondary, group translocation

89
Q

Primary transport

A

use energy from ATP to drive movement of material against [g]/diffusion
- ATPase has 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

90
Q

Secondary active transport

A

energy released from H to L used to transport 2nd substance low to high

91
Q

Group translocation

A

free Glc moves depending on [g], if Glc phosphorylated to Glc-6-PO4(-2) can’t leave b/t charged and no transporter to move it

92
Q

All active transport show

A

saturation, specificity, and are subject to specific inhibitors

93
Q

Ion channels

A

specific, go down [g], can be uniport or multiple

94
Q

What transport uses protein carrier

A

facilitated, active, ion channels

95
Q

What transport are saturable

A

facilitated, active

96
Q

only transports that produce gradient and are energy dependent

A

active

97
Q

CHO functions

A

energy source, storage form of energy, carbon source for biosynthesis, structural, informational role

98
Q

Classify CHO by

A 
aldo vs keto
# carbons
types of saccharide
99
Q

Monosaccharide

A

C3-7, every C has OH except carbonyl, soluble in H2O

100
Q

Enantiomer

A

mirror image - front to back back to front

101
Q

stereoisomer

A

same connectivity - different orientation

102
Q

Epimer

A

differ in one chiral center

103
Q

Diastereoisomer

A

swap one group on chiral center (out of 2)

104
Q

Fischer - R alpha L beta

A

Haworth down alpha up beta

105
Q

GCB

A

anomeric C OH + alcohol or sugar
- no mutarotation b/c can’t reverse equil to hemi
stabe to base, labile to acid

106
Q

Mutarotation

A

resulting from glucose 99% cyclic, 1% straight chain

107
Q

Specific rotations

A

alpha 112 beta 18 mix 52.7, more beta, can change optical activity/rotation of polarized light

108
Q

How to make hemiacetal/actal

A

start w/aldehyde (or ketone) and add acid, add again for full blown

109
Q

Sugar acids

A

oxidized glucose

110
Q

Vit C

A

L-escorbic acid and L-dehydroescorbic acid

- required in conversion of proline/lysine to hydroxyproline/lysine (collagen synthesis)

111
Q

Sugar alcohol

A

reduced glucose

112
Q

Amino sugar

A

OH on C2 replaced by amine

113
Q

Deoxy sugar

A

replace OH w/H

114
Q

Maltose

A

alpha 1 4 b/c D-glc units - can show mutarotation b/c RE

115
Q

Lactose

A

beta D galactose beta 1-4 to alpha D-Glc

116
Q

Sucrose

A

alpha D-glc alpha 1-2 to beta D fructose

- non reducing/invert sugar

117
Q

Starch

A

alpha 1-4 b/t alpha D-Glc units plus alpha 1-6 from amylopectin
- every 15-20 = branch

118
Q

Glycogen

A

alpha 1-6 b/t alpha D-glc, branch every 8-10

119
Q

alpha amylase

A

endoenzyme - can be anywhere, do from interior, not last 2

120
Q

beta amylase

A

exoenzyme, removes 2 Glc as maltose from NRE

121
Q

debranching enzyme

A

breaks alpha 1-6 GCBs

122
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

contain monosacc. of negative charges and derivative of n-aminoglucose sulfates

123
Q

Glycoprotieins

A

H2O soluble

  1. O liked oligosacc.
  2. N-linked glycoproteins
124
Q

O linked oligosaccharides

A

bond b/t CHO and protein

aa can be serine, threonine, hydroxylysine

125
Q

N linked glycoproteins

A

bond b/t CHO and amino group of asparagine (ASN), O in GCB turned N
CHO parts fxn as recognition factors

126
Q

Proteoglycans

A

high MW, mostly glycosamino glycans

low protein, but higher CHO than glycoproteins

127
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

water soluble, can have many sugars attached, cerebroside w/multiple CHOs

Biochemistry (1 decks)

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