exam 1 ch 2

Question 1

what elements make up 95 percent of organic enviro

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 2

molecules carrying ions interact how with water

Answer 2

favorably

Question 3

uncharged molecules interact with water how

Answer 3

form few to no H bonds

Question 4

electrostatic attractions strongest when..

Answer 4

atoms are fully charged

Question 5

occur when atoms become close to each other

Answer 5

van der waals

Question 6

proton from molecule gets attracted to what in water

Answer 6

oxygen (acids)

Question 7

when a proton is attracted to O in water, what happens

Answer 7

hydronium ion formed

Question 8

substance that release H+

Answer 8

acids

Question 9

easily lose their proton

Answer 9

strong acid

Question 10

any molecule capable of accepting a proton from H2O

Answer 10

base

Question 11

cell is formed from what

Answer 11

carbon compounds

Question 12

small molecules contain about how many carbons

Answer 12

30

Question 13

what can small molecules be used for

Answer 13

to make macromolecule, used as energy source

Question 14

4 major forms of small molecules

Answer 14

sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, amino acids

Question 15

most abundant c containing molecules

Answer 15

macromolecules

Question 16

each polymer grows by what and what reaction

Answer 16

addition of monomer onto the end of the growing chain in a condensation reaction

Question 17

what happens to h2o in condensation reaction

Answer 17

1 molecule of h2o lost

Question 18

specify both precise shape of a macromolecule and its binding to other molecules

Answer 18

non covalent bonds

Question 19

shapes of molecules usually highly constrained due to what

Answer 19

non covalent bonding

Question 20

cell metabolism organized by what

Answer 20

enzymes

Question 21

cell needs to control its chemistry via what

Answer 21

catalysts

Question 22

catalysts are almost always what

Answer 22

enzymes

Question 23

when dealing with enzymes, what is starting material called

Answer 23

substrate

Question 24

breakdown food into smaller molecules, what process

Answer 24

catabolic

Question 25

use small molecules plus energy harnessed from catabolism to drive sys of many other molecules

Answer 25

anabolic

Question 26

catabolic and anabolic processes together known as what

Answer 26

metabolism

Question 27

biological order made possible by what

Answer 27

heat release

Question 28

universe degree of disorder constantly increasing

Answer 28

2nd law of thermodynamic

Question 29

amount of disorder in a system

Answer 29

entropy

Question 30

greater disorder = what

Answer 30

greater entropy

Question 31

why does cell not break 2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 31

cell isn't isolated system

Question 32

cell uses what to create order

Answer 32

energy

Question 33

energy in its most disordered form

Answer 33

heat

Question 34

energy can't be created or destroyed

Answer 34

first law of thermo

Question 35

cell can't derive any benefit from the heat energy it releases unless what

Answer 35

heat generating reactions inside cell are directly linked to generating molecular order

Question 36

cells obtain E how

Answer 36

oxidation of organic mole

Question 37

e extracted from food molecules how

Answer 37

gradual oxidation aka controlled burning

Question 38

removal of electrons

Answer 38

oxidation

Question 39

addition of electrons

Answer 39

reduction

Question 40

when a molecule picks up e-, often picks up what

Answer 40

H+

Question 41

hydrogenations are what

Answer 41

reductions

Question 42

dehydrogenations are what

Answer 42

oxidation

Question 43

downhill reaction is what

Answer 43

spontaneous

Question 44

substance that can lower activation E

Answer 44

catalyst

Question 45

when enzyme lowers activation energy for forward reaction, what else does it do

Answer 45

lowers it for reverse reaction too

Question 46

each enzyme has unique what

Answer 46

shape containing an active site

Question 47

why can enzyme + substrate rapidly bind

Answer 47

motion caused by heat energy being very fast

Question 48

movement of molecule from one place to another

Answer 48

translational motion

Question 49

rapid back and forth movement of covalently linked atoms

Answer 49

vibration

Question 50

translational movements, vibrations, and rotations all do what

Answer 50

help bring surfaces of interaction molecules together

Question 51

molecules exploring spac einside of cell

Answer 51

diffusion

Question 52

molecule bouncing off another then another then another

Answer 52

random walk

Question 53

change in free E

Answer 53

delta G

Question 54

cells can build ordered from unordered by what

Answer 54

coupling energetically favorable with unfavorable

Question 55

reaction that leads to increase in randomness is what kind

Answer 55

spontaneous

Question 56

spontaneous reaction have what delta g

Answer 56

negative

Question 57

equilibrium constant

Answer 57

k

Question 58

delta g prime

Answer 58

delta g when conc of x and y are the same

Question 59

energy stored temporarily from food

Answer 59

carrier molecules

Question 60

store E in easily exchangeable form, readily transferrable chem group or e-

Answer 60

activated carriers

Question 61

activated carriers also known as what

Answer 61

coenzymes

Question 62

most important coenzymes

Answer 62

ATP, NADH, NADPH

Question 63

formation of activated carrier coupled to..

Answer 63

energetically favorable reaction

Question 64

convenient and versatile store of energy

Answer 64

ATP

Question 65

energy stored in ATP often harnessed to

Answer 65

bring 2 molecules together

Question 66

is condensation reaction energetically favorable or unfav

Answer 66

unfavorable

Question 67

what can condensation reactions be driven by

Answer 67

ATP

Question 68

NAD+ and NADP+ both pick up what

Answer 68

2 e- and 1 H+

Question 69

NADH and NADPH both carriers of what

Answer 69

hydride ions

Question 70

NADPH donates hydride ions why

Answer 70

bc of large negative free E exchange

Question 71

extra phos group of NADPH has no effect on e- transfer but does what

Answer 71

give different shape than NADH allowing them to bind to diff enzymes

Question 72

used to add 2 c units

Answer 72

acetyl coa

Question 73

hydrolysis favorable or unfavorable

Answer 73

energetically favorable