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GEN CHEM I > exam 1: ch 1 and 2 > Flashcards

exam 1: ch 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe

A

matter

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2
Q

a characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity

A

property

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3
Q

a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

A

element

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4
Q

the smallest representative particle of an element

A

atom

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5
Q

a chemical combination of two or more atoms

A

molecule

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6
Q

matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties

A

pure substance

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7
Q

substance composed of 2 or more elements united chemically in definite proportions

A

compound

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8
Q

combinations of 2 or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity

A

mixture

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9
Q

the observation that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same

A

law of constant composition (law of definite proportions)

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10
Q

can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance

A

physical property

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11
Q

describe the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances (ie flammability)

A

chemical property

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12
Q

properties that do not depend on amount of sample being examined (ie temperature, melting pt)

A

intensive property

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13
Q

properties that depend of amt of sample (mass, volume)

A

extensive property

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14
Q

change that occur with no change in chemical composition

A

physical change

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15
Q

processes in which one or more substance are converted into other substances

A

chemical change (chemical reaction)

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16
Q

an explanation of the general causes of certain phenomena, with considerable evidence or facts to support it

A

theory

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17
Q

a concise verbal statement or mathematical equation that summarizes a broad variety of observations and experiences

A

scientific law

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18
Q

a tentative explanation of a series of observations or of a natural law

A

hypothesis

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19
Q

the general process of advancing scientific knowledge by making experimental observations and by formulating hypotheses, theories and laws

A

scientific method

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20
Q

tera (T)

A

1012

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21
Q

giga (G)

A

109

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22
Q

mega (M)

A

106

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23
Q

kilo (k)

A

103

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24
Q

hecto (h)

A

102

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25
Q

deca (da)

A

101

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26
Q

deci (d)

A

10-1

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27
Q

centi (c)

A

10-2

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28
Q

milli (m)

A

10-3

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29
Q

micro (μ)

A

10-6

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30
Q

nano (n)

A

10-9

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31
Q

pico (P)

A

10-12

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32
Q

femto (f)

A

10-15

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33
Q

atto (a)

A

10-18

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34
Q

zepto (z)

A

10-21

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35
Q

a measure of the amount of material in an object

A

mass

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36
Q

1 kg = ___ lb

A

2.2

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37
Q

0°c = ___ k

A

273.15

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38
Q

freezing point of water

A

0°c or 32°f

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39
Q

boiling pt of water

A

100°c or 212°f

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40
Q

formula for volume

A

mass / density

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41
Q

formula for mass

A

volume x density

42
Q

formula for density

A

mass / volume

43
Q

numbers whose values hold some uncertainty

A

inexact numbers

44
Q

a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another

A

precision

45
Q

how closely individual measurements agree with the correct or “true” value

A

accuracy

46
Q

all digits of a measured quantity, including 1 uncertain one

A

significant figures

47
Q

zeros between nonzero digits are _____

A

significant

48
Q

zeros at the ____ of a no are never significant

A

beginning

49
Q

zeros at the ____ of a number are significant if the number contains a decimal pt

A

end

50
Q

the ____ of a cube is its length cubed (length)3

A

volume

51
Q

a fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quanitity expressed in different units

A

conversion factor

52
Q

matter exists in ___ physical states

A

3 (gas, liquid, solid)

53
Q

homogeneous mixtures are called _____

A

solutions

54
Q

formula for faerenheit

A

1.8c + 32

55
Q

the basic building blocks of matter

A

atoms

56
Q

smallest units of an element that can combine with other elements

A

atoms

57
Q

atoms are composed of even smaller particles called ______

A

subatomic particles

58
Q

thomson’s experiments on the behavior of _____ in magnetic and electric fields led to the discovery of the electron and allowed its charged-to-mass ratio to be measure.

A

cathode rays

59
Q

the spontaneous emission of radiation by atoms

A

radioactivity

60
Q

rutherford’s studies of how thin metal foils scatter a particles led to the _____ of the atom, showing that the atom has a dense positively charged nucleus

A

nuclear model

61
Q

atoms have a nucleus that contain ____ + _____

A

protons, neutrons

62
Q

_____ move in the space around the nucleus

A

electrons

63
Q

the magnitude of the charge of the electron, 1.602 x 10-19 C, is called the _________

A

electronic charge

64
Q

the masses of the atoms are usually expressed in terms of _______

A

atomic mass units (amu)

65
Q

the dimensions of atoms are often expressed in units of ______

A

angstroms

66
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

atomic number

67
Q

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons

A

mass number

68
Q

atoms of the same element that differ in mass number

A

isotopes

69
Q

the ____ of an element can be calculated relative abundances and masses of that element’s isotopes

A

atomic weight

70
Q

the _______ provides the most direct and accurate means of experimentally measuring atomic (and molecular) weights

A

mass spectrometer

71
Q

an arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number

A

periodic table

72
Q

elements with similar properties are placed in _____ columns

A

vertical

73
Q

the elements in a column are known as a ______

A

group

74
Q

the elements in a horizontal row are known as a _____

A

period

75
Q

comprise the majority of the elements, and dominate the left side and middle of the periodic table

A

metals

76
Q

located on the upper right side of the periodic table

A

nonmetals

77
Q

elements that form a line that seperates nonmetals and metals

A

metalloids

78
Q

atoms can combine to form _____

A

molecules

79
Q

compounds composed of molecules (______) usually contain only nonmetallic elements

A

molecular compounds

80
Q

a molecule that contains two atoms

A

diatomic molecule

81
Q

the composition of a substance is given by its _______

A

chemical formula

82
Q

a molecular substance can be represented by its _______, which gives the relative numbers of atoms of each kind

A

empirical formula

83
Q

a chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance

A

molecular formula

84
Q

_____ formulas show the order in which the atoms in a molecule are connected

A

structural

85
Q

atoms can either gain or lose electrons, forming charged particles called _____.

A

ions

86
Q

metals tend to ____ electrons, forming ____ charged ions (____)

A

lose…. positively… (cations)

87
Q

nonmetals tend to ____ electrons, forming ____ charged ions (____)

A

gain…. negatively… (anions)

88
Q

because ______ are electrically neutral, containing both cations and anions, they usually contain both metallic and nonmetallic elements

A

ionic compounds

89
Q

atoms that are joined together, as in a molecule, but carry a net charge

A

polyatomic ions

90
Q

the chemical formulas used for ionic compounds are _____ formulas, which can be written readily if the charges of the ions are known

A

empirical

91
Q

the total positive charge of the cations in an _____ ______ equals the total negative charge of the anions

A

ionic compound

92
Q

the set of rules for naming chemical compounds

A

chemical nomenclature

93
Q

in naming an ___ ____, the cation is named first and then the anion

A

ionic compound

94
Q

_____ _____ have names ending in -ide.

A

monatomic anions

95
Q

______ _______ containing oxygen and another element (oxyanions) have names ending in -ate or -ite.

A

polyatomic anions

96
Q

the study of compounds that contain carbon

A

organic chemistry

97
Q

the simplest class of organic molecules is the _____, which contain only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

98
Q

hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom is attached to four other atoms

A

alkanes

99
Q

a compound in which an H atom of a hydrocarbon is replaced by an OH functional group

A

alcohol

100
Q

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different bonding arrangement of their constituent atoms

A

isomers

101
Q
A

GEN CHEM I (3 decks)

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