Exam 1 Ch 1-8

Question 1

health

Answer 1

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the abscence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

global health

Answer 2

health issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may be addressed by cooperative actions

Question 3

planetary health

Answer 3

achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, well-being and equity world wide through judicious attention to the human systems

Question 4

maternal mortality ratio

Answer 4

measure of risk of death with childbirth

Question 5

infant mortality rate

Answer 5

of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births

Question 6

neonatal mortality rate

Answer 6

of deaths to infants younger than 28 days in a year per 1000 live births

Question 7

morbidity

Answer 7

condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition

Question 8

point prevalence

Answer 8

proportion of population that is disease at a single point in time

Question 9

incidence rate

Answer 9

how many people get a disease for a specified # of people at risk in a given period of time

Question 10

primary prevention

Answer 10

intervening before health effects occur, through measures ex) vaccines, banning substances

Question 11

secondary prevention

Answer 11

screening to identify diseases in early stages before signs of symptoms

Question 12

tertiary prevention

Answer 12

managing disease worst diagnoses to slow or stop progression

Question 13

vital registration

Answer 13

data on population and health that records birth, death, causes of death

Question 14

risk factor

Answer 14

behavior, lifestyle, environment characteristic that is related to a health condition that is important to prevent

Question 15

demographic transition

Answer 15

a long-term trend of declining birth and death rates, resulting in substantive change in the age distribution of a population

Question 16

epidemiological transition

Answer 16

describes changing population patterns in terms of fertility, life expectancy, mortality, and leading causes of deaths

Question 17

rights-based approach

Answer 17

prioritize fulfillment of human rights, assess health policies, health is a human right. this approach is promoted in public health

Question 18

nuremberg code

Answer 18

voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely needed

Question 19

declaration of helsinki

Answer 19

ethical principles to guide physicians performing biomedical research

Question 20

health disparities

Answer 20

type of difference in health that is linked with social or economic disadvantage

Question 21

belmont report

Answer 21

basic ethical principles in biomedical and behavioral research

Question 22

ancillary care

Answer 22

medical care that is given to study participants

Question 23

health inequality

Answer 23

differences in health status or in distribution of health determinants between different population groups

Question 24

cost-effective analysis

Answer 24

comparing cost of an investment with the amount of health that can be purchased with that investment

Question 25

health maximization

Answer 25

the way we should allocate healthcare resources that will have a total beneficial impact on health

Question 26

health system

Answer 26

vehicle in which health services are delievered

Question 27

3 goals of every health system

Answer 27

1. good health 2. responsiveness to the expectations of the population 3. fairness of financial contribution

Question 28

4 functions of health systems

Answer 28

1. provide health services 2. generate resources 3. financing 4. stewardship

Question 29

national health service

Answer 29

very public, providers are government employees, insurance is also public, it is taxed-based (United Kingdom)

Question 30

national health insurance

Answer 30

public and private, employees are private, insurance is laid out by government and firms (Canada)

Question 31

pluralistic

Answer 31

health is a personal good, public and private, employees are private, all kinds of forms of insurance, taxes and contributions and out-of-pocket (USA)

Question 32

ecological perspective

Answer 32

health related behaviors are affected by and affect levels of influence

Question 33

states of change model

Answer 33

change is a process and people are at different sages of process (alcohol and drug abuse)

Question 34

folk illness

Answer 34

cultural interpretations of physical states that people think are illnessess without physiological cause

Question 35

conditional cash transfer

Answer 35

government program offers $ to families provided that the family engages in nutrition, health, and education behaviors

Question 36

social marketing

Answer 36

application of tools

Question 37

DALY

Answer 37

disability-adjusted life year, sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability

Question 38

HALE

Answer 38

health-adjusted life expectancy, # of years a person any given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality/disability

Question 39

top 3 causes of death globally

Answer 39

1. ischaemic heart disease 2. respiratory infections 3. neonatal conditions

Question 40

Sustainable Development Goals

Answer 40

17 goals that relate to ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. ex: no poverty, zero hunger, gender equality, etc.

Question 41

determinants of health

Answer 41

range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations

Question 42

noncommunicable diseases

Answer 42

a noninfectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person

Question 43

communicable diseases

Answer 43

disease that is spread from one person to another

Question 44

leading cause of death in infants globally

Question 45

health equity

Answer 45

when every person has the opportunity to attain his or her full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position or other socially determined circumstances

Question 46

patterns of resort

Answer 46

A person's approach to health-seeking behaviour

Question 47

international declaration of human rights

Answer 47

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care…

Question 48

informed consent

Answer 48

A process in which patients are given important information, including possible risks and benefits, about a medical procedure or treatment, genetic testing, or a clinical trial

Question 49

most cost-effective measure among the three: sanitation, clean water, or hygiene

Answer 49

1. hygeine 2. sanitation 3. water

Question 50

global health milestones

Answer 50

people live longer than before, mortality rates have decreased, decrease in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes of death

Question 51

who lives longer, men or women

Answer 51

women

Question 52

child mortality rate

Answer 52

the mortality of children under the age of five

Question 53

6 Clinical conditions

Answer 53

1. social value 2. scientific 3. fair subject selection 4. risk and benefit ratio 5. informed consent 6. respect for enrolled

Question 54

determinants to consider when examining health equity

Answer 54

race, social status, gender, location

Question 55

universal declaration of human rights

Answer 55

cornerstone for human rights

Question 56

building blocks of a health system

Answer 56

1. good health services, deliver safe & effective health interventions 2. a health workforce, right # of trained staff in places they are needed 3. health info system, delivers info 4. equitable access to medical products, vaccines, and technology 5. health financing system, raises enough $ to fund health programs and protect ppl from financial harm 6. leadership, concern the management oversight and regulation of health system

Question 57

who is most affected by indoor air pollution

Answer 57

women and children