Exam 1 (Ch. 1-5) Flashcards by Penelope Whitten

How the biosphere is organized

Atoms - Molecules - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism - Species - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere

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what is the capacity to do work?

Energy

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What are all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell?

Metabolism

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What is the ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on earth?

the Sun

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What is the maintenance of internal conditions (pH, temperature, and moisture levels)?

Homeostasis

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Any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment

Adaptation

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The genetic change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment

Evolution

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The discipline of biology that identifies names and classifies organisms according to certain rules

Taxonomy

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The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Systematics

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The classification categories of diverse organisms from least inclusive to most inclusive

Species - Genus - Family - Order - Class - Phylum - Kingdom - Supergroup - Domain

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Which domain of life contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments?
- They absorb or chemosynthesize food

Domain Archaea

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Which domain of life contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments, including our skin, mouth, and large intestine?
- They absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food

Domain Bacteria

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Which domain of life contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes?
- They absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food

Domain Eukarya

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Kingdoms within the Eukarya domain

Protista: diverse, including things from amoeba to slime molds
Fungi: they range from yeast (single celled) to mushrooms (multicellular), and have chitin in their cell walls
Plantae: All multicellular organisms that use photosynthesis and have cellulose in their cell walls
Animalia: Multicellular, heterotrophic, and have centrioles which we use during cell division

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Refers to anything that has mass and takes up space
- Exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma

Matter

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A basic substance that makes up all things (living and nonliving)
- cannot be broken down into materials with different properties
- composed of one type of atom

Elements

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The smallest part of an element that displays the property of the element

Atom

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Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons (have different atomic masses)

Isotopes

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What determines the chemical behavior of atoms?

Electrons

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The outermost energy shell of any atom is the…

Valence Shell

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Two or more of the same type of atoms bonded together

Molecule (O2, H2)

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A molecule containing at least two different elements bonded together

Compound (C6H12O6)

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Tells the number of each kind of atom in a molecule

Formula

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An atom that has lost or gained an electron

Ion

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Forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom (one gained, one lost)

Ionic Bond

Result when two atoms share electrons, so each one has an octet in their valence shell

Covalent Bond

When electrons are shared equally between atoms - ex: methane, hydrogen gas, and oxygen gas

Nonpolar covalent bond

When atoms are shared unequally between atoms - ex: water

Polar covalent bond

The ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond

Electronegativity

A weak attraction between a slightly positive and slightly negative atom

Hydrogen bonding

Properties of Water

1. Water has a high heat capacity 2. Water is a solvent 3. Cohesion: water molecules cling to themselves (allows for water to flow freely and for surface tension) 4. Adhesion: water molecules cling to other polar surfaces (due to waters polarity) - cohesion and adhesion account for water transport in plants and transport in blood vessels 5. Frozen water is less dense than liquid water

A measure of available hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Substances that dissolve in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+)

Acids

Substances that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions (OH-)

Bases

pH scale values

0 to <7 = Acidic 7 = Neutral (equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions) >7 to 14 = Basic (Alkaline)

A chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits

Buffer

Built-in mechanisms to prevent pH changes within the body

Carbonic acid buffer dissociates and re-forms to reduce changes in pH

What molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms

Organic Molecules

The four classes of organic molecules - biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

The main element in organic compounds - forms stable bonds with many elements - 4th most abundant element - moves with photosynthesis, respiration, the food chain, and burning fuel

Carbon

Clusters of specific atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton with characteristic structures and functions - determine the chemical reactivity and polarity of organic molecules

Functional Groups

The Functional Groups

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, and Phosphate

Organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms

Isomers

monomers and polymers of Carbohydrates

monosaccharide and polysaccharide

monomers and polymers of Lipids

Glycerol (fatty acids) and they do not form polymers because they contain two different subunits

monomers and polymers of Proteins

Amino acids and polypeptides

monomers and polymers of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides and DNA, RNA

A chemical reaction in which subunits are joined together by the formation of a covalent bond and water is produced during the reaction - monomers to polymers

Dehydration Reaction

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is added to break a covalent bond - polymers broken down into monomers

Hydrolysis Reaction

A molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction - required for dehydration and hydrolysis reactions - Catalysts (they are not consumed or changed by the reaction)

Enzymes

A single sugar molecule - ex: glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose and ribose and deoxyribose (sugars contained in nucleotides)

Monosaccharide

Contains two monosaccharides joined together during a dehydration reaction - ex: lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table sugar), and maltose

Disaccharides

Polymer of monosaccharides - ex: starch (energy storage in plants), chitin (cell walls of fungi), and peptidoglycan (cell walls of bacteria)

Polysaccharides

Functions of Carbohydrates

1. Energy source 2. Provide building material (structural role)

Functions of Lipids

1. Long-term energy storage 2. Structural components 3. Heat retention 4. Cell communication and regulation 5. Protection

Type of lipid that serves as long-term energy storage and insulation in animals

Fats

Type of lipid that serves as long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds

Oils

Type of lipid that serves as a compound of plasma membranes

Phospholipids

Type of lipid that serves as a component of plasma membranes and as sex hormones - composed of four fused carbon rings - ex: cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen

Steroids

Type of lipid that serves as protection and helps prevent water loss

Waxes

Fatty acids that contains one or more double bonds between carbons - ex: plant oils

Unsaturated Triglycerides

Fatty acids that lack double bonds between carbons - solid at room temp - ex: butter and lard

Saturated Triglycerides

Functions of Proteins

1. Metabolism (most enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts) 2. Support (some have a structural function) - keratin and collagen 3. Transport (membrane channel and carrier proteins) 4. Defense (Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens and prevent them from destroying cells) 5. Regulation (Hormones regulate metabolism of cells) 6. Motion ( Microtubules move cell components. Actin and myosin contractile proteins allow muscles to contract)

When a protein loses its proper structure due to a change in pH, exposure to certain chemicals, or high temperature it is called what?

Denatured

Each nucleotide is composed of what three parts

1. A Phosphate 2. A pentose sugar 3. A nitrogenous base

What are the pyrimidines of nucleotides

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

What are the purines of nucleotides

Adenine and Guanine

How do the nucleotides come together in RNA and DNA - pyrimidines and purines

- Adenine and Thymine in DNA - Adenine and Uracil in RNA - Guanine and Cytosine in both DNA and RNA

What is ATP composed of?

Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates

What is included in Cell Theory?

1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells only come from preexisting cells because cells are reproducing 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and functions in organisms

What are the three key concepts of Light Microscopy

Magnification, Resolution, and Contrast

What are the three shapes of prokaryotes

1. Spherical coccus 2. Rod-shaped bacillus 3. Spiral spirillum (if rigid) and spirochete (if flexible)

What is the name of the theory that explains the origins of Eukaryotic cells? - by invagination of the plasma membrane

Endosymbiotic Theory

Two classes of organelles in Eukaryotic cells

1. Endomembrane System - work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins 2. Energy-related organelles - Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Three components of the plasma membrane

1. Phospholipid bilayer 2. Protein Molecules 3. Cholesterol (which affects the fluidity of the membrane)

What is the net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient?

Diffusion

What are the two ways the plasma membrane uses bulk transport?

Endocytosis: vesicle formation (cells engulf substances into a pouch) moves a particle inside the plasma membrane Exocytosis: Fusion of a vesicle to the plasma membrane moves it outside

What is diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane - net movement of water is toward high solute (low water) concentration

Osmosis

Solution where the water and solute concentration are equal on both sides of membrane - no net loss or gain of water

Isotonic Solution

Solution where the concentration of solute is lower than the inside of the cell - cells placed inside this solution will swell bc of turgor pressure

Hypotonic Solution

Solution where the concentration of solute is higher than the inside of the cell - cells placed inside this solution will shrink - Crenation in animal cells - Plasmolysis in plant cells

Hypertonic Solution