Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Bio > Exam 1 (ch 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (ch 1-4) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cells are found in

A

Archaea and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotic cells are found in

A

Animals, plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Historically a major tool until 1960’s , the primary technique

A

microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the reason why most cells are small

A

They have an upper limit as to how big they can get

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Breaks open the cell , releases the contents of it and then separating it into different components

A

Cell fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Separation of molecules and cell disruptions/Homogenizations

A

Cell fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Centrifugation separates based on what

A

Density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electrophoresis separates based on what

A

Size, mass and charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most common method to determine 3D shape of proteins

A

X-ray diffraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Used to produce populations of cells

A

Cell cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Used to study a function or process of interest choice

A

Model organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of model organism

A

E. coli, C. elegans(Nematode worm), a. thaliana, and zebra fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A particle consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a protein coat

A

Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: Viruses either have DNA or RNA , not both

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Important characteristics of life includes:

A

Cellular organization, growth & metabolism, reproduction, heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 German scientists that lead to the development of the cell theory

A

Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

based on work of Schledien, Schwann, and Virchow

A

Cell theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell theory consists of 3 statements:

A
  1. All living organisms composed of cells. 2. Cells are the functional units of life. 3. Cells arise by division from pre-existing cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What year did Watson & Crick propose double helix model of DNA?

A

1953

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In what year was the first draft sequence of human genome release?

A

2001

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rosalind Franklin was never credited at the time determining the structure of what?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

All cells of some components in common:

A

Cell membrane, DNA & RNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Membrane surrounding cell; form outer most cell boundary for cells lacking a cell wall

A

Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cell contents within the plasma membrane except the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aqueous soln of the molecules that fills cytoplasm excluding all organelles

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Discreet compartment of Eukaryotic cell surrounded by a membrane specialized in structure and function

A

organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the genetic material of all living organisms?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the only form of RNA translated into protein?

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Microbial colonization of tissues during what stage of life is important to the development of the mammalian immune system?

A

Infancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prokaryotic cells have been found in a range of what environment

A

Extreme environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Any membrane limited subcellular structure found in Eukaryotic cells

A

Organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • contains most of cell’s genome(DNA)
  • site of DNA synthesis (DNA rep)
  • site of RNA synthesis (transcription)
A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • energy metabolism
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • protein synthesis (small amounts)
A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • found in plants, fungi
  • photosynthesis
  • protein synthesis (small amounts)
A

chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

plants have mitochondria and chloroplast which both generates a high amount of

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • synthesis of most lipids
  • protein synthesis (on surface- rough ER)
  • formation of ER vesicles for transport
A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • modification of proteins (w or w/o sugar)

- formation of golgi vesicles for transport (also a network of the membrane)

A

golgi apparatus/complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

-intracellular degradation

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

degrades toxins

A

peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

-transport of endocytosed material, to lysomes

A

endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

uses part of the membrane that forms a vesicle that wraps around material and is brought into a cell

A

endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the number of organelles and location within a cell may vary based on serval factors:

A

cell types, developmental stage, cellular energy status, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tends to even out concentration differences

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

driving force of diffusion is simply the

A

concentration difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

diffusion is what kind of process?

A

spontaneous, does not require an input of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

diffusion rate influenced by

A
  • size of molecule/substance
  • temp
  • medium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

T/F: diffusion is for large/long distance

A

false, it is for short distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

rate of diffusion would be slower or faster for larger substances vs smaller?

A

slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

increasing temperature increases or decreases the rate of diffusion?

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

upper cell size determined by the ability of a material to enter and exit by

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

diffusion of water (any solvent) through a membrane, in response to the concentration gradient “diffusion across a membrane”
-important cellular level process

A

osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

osmotically active substances include:

A

ions, proteins, sugars, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic are terms used to describe what

A

osmotic concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the isotonic solution that has an osmotic concentration of the soln the cells are in is

A

equivalent to what’s inside the cell

56
Q

a substance that loses e-:

A

oxidized

57
Q

a substance that gains e_:

A

reduced

58
Q

oxidation and reduction reactions occur in pairs is

A

redox reaction

59
Q

electromagnetic radiation that comes from the sun

A

solar radiation

60
Q

relationship between the wave length of radiation and energy content

A

Planck’s law

61
Q

unsaturated has how many bonds?

A

three

62
Q

carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and carbonate are called

A

inorganic carbon-containing molecules

63
Q

smallest particle of element retaining chemical properties

A

atom

64
Q

2 or more atoms bonded together

A

molecule

65
Q

a molecule with two or more different types of atoms

A

compound

66
Q

2 atoms share 1 or more pair of e- (strong bond)

A

covalent bond

67
Q

e- donated from one atom to another

A

ionic bond

68
Q

the attraction between (+) charged region of H atom, and (-) charged region of another atom

A

hydrogen bond

69
Q

in water, H2O atoms are held together by what bond?

A

covalent

70
Q

stored sugars in animals

A

glycogen

71
Q

stored sugars in plants

A

starch

72
Q

any molecule that has a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region is an

A

amphipathic molecule

73
Q

all have a carboxyl group at one end with a long hydrocarbon tail at the other

A

fatty acids

74
Q

polyunsaturated fat is unsaturated or saturated fat?

A

unsaturated

75
Q

phospholipids and glycolipids form what kind of lipid bilayers, which are the basis for al cell membrane

A

self- sealing

76
Q

form large, spherical fat droplets in the cell cytoplasm

A

triagclyercols

77
Q

what bonds link amino acids and are a type of covalent bonds

A

peptide bonds

78
Q

if the polypeptide has some function, then we call that polypeptide:

A

proteins

79
Q

consists of a nitrogen containing base, a 5 carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate group

A

nucleotide

80
Q

nucleotides contain:

A

sugar, base, phosphate

81
Q

Beta-D-ribose is used in

A

RNA

82
Q

Beta- D-2-ribose is used in

A

DNA

83
Q

the phosphate makes a nucleotide negatively or positively charged?

A

negatively

84
Q

t/f: nucleotides may have 1 or more phosphates

A

true

85
Q

t/f: non-covalent bonds become significant in small amounts

A

false

86
Q

sources of energy for cells include:

A

light and chemical form of energy

87
Q

the energy of state or position; stored energy

A

potential energy

88
Q

capacity to do work

A

energy

89
Q

examples of potential energy:

A

chemical bonds, concentration gradients, electrical potential

90
Q

energy of movement , this type of energy does work

A

kinetic energy

91
Q

t/f: living systems does NOT require constant input of energy

A

false

92
Q

branch of physics concerned with transformations of energy and the law governing energy conversions

A

thermodynamics

93
Q

describes how living systems capture, transform and use energy

A

bioenergetics

94
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is conserved

95
Q

energy transformations are NOT 100% efficient, some energy is converted into

A

heat

96
Q

the less efficient the conversion of energy, the greater or lesser the amount of heat is released?

A

greater

97
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics:

A

in nature, there is a universal tendency for things to become disordered

98
Q

T/F: energy can be used to create order from disorder

A

true

99
Q

T/F: the increase of randomness (entropy) never reverse spontaneously

A

true

100
Q

photosynthetic organisms captures

A

solar energy

101
Q

metabolic reactions are catalyzed by

A

enzymes

102
Q

t/f: most but not all enzymes are proteins

A

true

103
Q

t/f: enzymes accelerate rates of reaction

A

true

104
Q

t/f: enzymes are altered during reactions they catalyze

A

false

105
Q

increasing substrate increases or decreases the rate of a reaction up to a point?

A

increases

106
Q

before substrate can become a product it must pass through

A

a transition state

107
Q

t/f: transition state is a higher energy

A

true

108
Q

t/f: enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction

A

true

109
Q

activated carriers that carry high energy e- and also H+

A

NADH,NADPH, and FADH2

110
Q

work horses of cell

A

proteins

111
Q

determines all characteristic properties and function

A

protein

112
Q

function to move molecules

A

motor protein

113
Q

group of proteins coordinated to perform a function

A

protein machine

114
Q

t/f: noncovalent forces within protein molecules influences protein shape

A

true

115
Q

t/f/: hydrogen bonds within the protein molecule help stabilize shape

A

true

116
Q

t/f: amino acids influence protein conformation

A

true

117
Q

only two amino acids out of the 20 is used to build protein and only contains sulfur:

A

cysteine, and methionine

118
Q

what amino acid out of the 20 can form disulfide bonds?

A

cysteine

119
Q

levels of protein organization

A

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

120
Q

example of primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

121
Q

examples of secondary structure

A

alpha helix and B- sheet

122
Q

3D conformation of polypeptide chains

A

tertiary structure

123
Q

a structure formed when protein comprises of more than 1 polypeptide chain

A

quarternary structure

124
Q

t/f: all proteins have primary, secondary, and tertiary structure

A

true

125
Q

should be able to predict the over all 3D shape of a protein by its

A

primary sequence

126
Q

in secondary structure is it just a portion of the structure that is folded or all of it?

A

a portion

127
Q

compact folded region of a polypeptide, a functional unit

A

protein domain

128
Q

molecular chaperones are

A

protein molecules

129
Q
  • assist in the assembly of most proteins
  • prevent improper interactions during folding/assembly
  • help protect proteins from denaturation
A

molecular chaperones

130
Q

___ can fold in 1 or 2 patterns, each pattern has activity

A

prions

131
Q

any molecule that binds to a protein is a

A

ligand

132
Q

t/f: the binding of a ligand is usually very specific

A

true

133
Q

proteins are degraded to amino acids by

A

proteases

134
Q

enzymes that degrade proteins by breaking peptide bonds

A

proteases

135
Q

when ubiquitin attaches to protein, it is marked for what

A

degradation

Cell Bio (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions