Exam #1 (Ch. 1-4, 29) Flashcards
What is considered the science of the STRUCTURE of an organism?
Anatomy
What is considered the science of the FUNCTION of an organism?
Physiology
What are the simplest body structures considered alive?
Cells
Hierarchy of Complexity
Chemical Level, Cell Level, Tissue Level, Organ level, Organ System Level, Organism Level
12 Organ Systems
*RUN, MRS. LIDEC
Respiratory Urinary Nervous Muscular Reproductive - Male - Female Skeletal Lymphatic Integumentary Digestive Endocrine Cardiovascular
Function and Organs of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Provides protection, regulates body temp., prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D.
- Skin, Hair, Nails, and Sweat Glands
Function and Organs of SKELETAL SYSTEM
Provides protection and support, allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose.
- Bones, Associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints
Function and Organs of MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Produces body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
- Muscles attached to skeleton by tendons
Function and Organs of NERVOUS SYSTEM
Detects sensations and controls movement, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
- Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory Receptors
Function and Organs of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
- Consists of Glands, such as Ptiutary, that secrete hormones.
Function and Organs of CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temp.
- Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood
Function and Organs of LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Removes foreign substances form the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
- Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, and other Lymphatic organs.
Function and Organs of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
- Lungs and Respiratory passages
Function and Organs of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory organs
Function and Organs of URINARY SYSTEM
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance.
- Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Function and Organs of FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
- Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary Glands, and Associated structures.
Function and Organs of MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
- Testes, Accessory structures, Ducts, and Penis
Define Homeostasis
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
3 Mechanisms of Homeostasis
- Receptor
- Integrating (Control) Center
- Effector
What is a set-point?
An ideal normal value (eg. Body Temperature)
Examples of NEGATIVE FEEDBACK and POSITIVE FEEDBACK loops.
Negative: Receptors (Thermoreceptors) detect change in set point, send signal to Control Center (Brain) who makes the decision to activate effectors, which carry out producing sweat to cool body down.
Positive: Losing blood supply lowers blood pressure which decreases the delivery of blood to cardiac muscles and cannot function properly. The blood pressure continues to lower and blood decrease begins to follow suit. Ultimately ending in fatality.
Which Feedback Loop is SELF-AMPLIFYING?
Positive Feedback
Which Feedback Loop is MORE LIKELY to cause disease and death?
Positive Feedback
Three planes that separate the body.
- Frontal (Coronal)
- Sagital
- Transverse
Directional Terms - Name their opposites if applicable.
Proximal - Distal Superficial - Deep Anterior - Posterior Lateral - Medial Contralateral - Ipsilateral Superior - Inferior Oblique
How is the body position during the Anatomical Position?
- Body Erect
- Head and Feet Forward
- Arms to side
- Palms Forward
Acronym for Anatomical Position
SAP = Standard Anatomical Position
or
NAP = Natural Anatomical Position
Supine?
Lying face upward
Prone?
Lying face downward
What are the Quadrants of the Body?
*From Left to Right.
- Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
- Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
- Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
- Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
What are the Regions of the Body?
*From Left to Right
- Right Hypochondriac Region
- Epigastric Region
- Left Hypochondriac Region
- Right Lumbar Region
- Umbilical Region
- Left Lumbar Region
- Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region
- Hypogastric Region
- Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region
Define Plasma Membrane
Provides Protection of Cell.
Define Nucleus
“Command Center” of the Cell. Contains DNA with instructions for cellular activity.
Define Cytoplasm
Provides platform upon which other organelles can operate within the Cell. Helps carry out cell expansion, growth and replication.
What is the environment outside and inside the Plasma Membrane called?
Outside the Plasma Membrane is Extracellular, and inside the Plasma Membrane is Intracellular.
What is the composition of the Cell Membrane?
Phospholipids, in a bi-layer, and Cholesterol
How are the Hydrophilic Heads and the Hydrophobic Tails arranged?
Hydrophilic Heads - Face outward towards the water molecules both in and out of the cell.
Hydrophobic Tails - Face inward toward each other creating a barrier against the movement of polar substance into or out of the cell.
5 Factors that influence the rate of Diffusion and how they affect Diffusion.
Molecular Weight: Large molecules move slower.
Temperature: Higher temp. faster motion of particles.
Steepness of Concentration Gradient: The greater the concentration gradient, the greater the rate.
Membrane Surface Area: Larger area, higher rate.
Membrane Permeability: Larger Permeability, Higher rate.
What is the difference between Passive and Active Transport.
Passive requires NO ATP, Active consumes ATP.
Define Osmosis
Flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other.
How water likes to move across a selectively permeable membrane.
Driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.
What happens to a red blood cell in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic environment.
Isotonic - Stays the same, no change
Hypotonic - Absorbs water, swells, and may burst
Hypertonic - Loses water, Shrivels up (crenate)
Define Ribosome
Link amino acids into a chain to form foundation for proteins produced by cell in the process of translation.
Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids, but they mainly construct the basic foundation of molecules. Works together with Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids, but they mainly construct the basic foundation of molecules. Works together with Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Define Golgi Apparatus
It completes construction process by shaping the molecules and adding appropriate compounds to refine the active or “working” form of product.
Define Mitochondria
Converts the energy in glucose into adenosine triphosphate, a usable product.
Define Lysosomes
Contain lytic enzymes that breakdown materials outside the cell or material that enters the cell. Also recycle intracellular materials.
Define Peroxisomes
Serves as one site of lips and amino acid degradation; Breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
Define Cilia
Move materials over the surface of the cells.
Define Microvilli
Increase surface area of Plasma Membrane for absorption and secretion.
Define Centrioles
Serve as centers for microtubule formation; Determine cell polarity during cell division; Form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella.
Define Cytoskeleton
Supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place.
Define Flagella
Extension of the Plasma Membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubules; In humans, propels spermatozoa.
Transcription vs Translation
Transcription: The process of copying DNA, via amino acids, into mRNA.
Translation: The process of creating new proteins from the mRNA.
*Think of the analogy of the baker who needs a recipe for a cake in a cookbook in the library, but it can't be checked out. So they make a copy of the recipe, and once they get to the kitchen, they use that copied recipe to bake the cake. Library = Nucleus Cookbook = DNA Copied Recipe = mRNA Travel from Library to Kitchen = Transfer RNA (tRNA) Kitchen = Ribosomes in the Cytoplasm Ingredients = Amino Acids Baking the cake = Protein constructed
Define DNA as a component of Gene Expression
Contains information necessary to produce proteins.
Define mRNA as a component of Gene Expression
A complementary copy of the information in the DNA strand needed to make protein.
Define tRNA as a component of Gene Expression
Specialized transport molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes.
Define Amino Acids as a component of Gene Expression
Building blocks of proteins that are carried to the ribosomes by tRNA.
Define Polypeptides (proteins) as a component of Gene Expression
Many amino acids bound together by peptide bonds. These create polypeptide chains that are used to determine the number, kinds, and arrangement of amino acids.
Define Ribosomes as a component of Gene Expression
Translate sequence of mRNA into the sequence of amino acids.
Law of Complimentary Base Pairs. Provide Examples.
One strand of DNA determines base sequence of other. A Purine will bond with a Pyrimidine.
Purine: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine: Thymine and Cytosine
*Adenine and Cytosine never bond together!
Example: AGCTACT
Base pair: TCGATGA
In RNA, Uracil replaces Thymine as a Nitrogenous base.
Example: AGCTACT
Base pair: UCGAUGA
What is a codon/anti-codon and where are they found?
Codon is the 3 base sequence in mRNA, while anti-codon consists of three nucleotides and is complimentary to particular codon of mRNA. They are located in an RNA molecule.
What are the three phases within Interphase of the Cell Cycle and their function?
G1 (First Gap Phase):
- Growth and normal metabolic roles
- Interval between cell division and DNA replication
- Accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA
S (Synthesis Phase):
- DNA Replication
- Duplicates centrioles
G2 (Second Gap Phase):
- Growth and preparation for mitosis.
- Interval between DNA replication and cell division
- Finishes centriole duplication
- Synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
- Repairs DNA replication errors
Identify the phases of Mitosis
Prophase:
- Chromosomes shorten and thicken, coiling into compact rods to allow for easier distribution to daughter cells than chromatin.
- The nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Spindle fibers grow from centrioles and attach to the kinetochore on each side of the centromeres.
- Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
Metaphase:
- Chromosomes lie along midline of the cell, so that one chromatid of each chromosome faces its respective pole.
Anaphase:
- Centromeres of each chromosome has split to form two chromosomes, each consisting of a single DNA molecule.
- Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell.
- Each pole (future daughter cell) now has an identical set of genetic information.
Telephase:
- Chromosomes gather at each pole of the cell.
- Chromatin uncoils, DNA returns to its original form and location within the cell.
- New nuclear envelope appears at each pole.
- Mitotic spindle vanishes.
Cytokinesis:
- The division of cytoplasm into two cells
Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps cytokinesis
- Creates cleavage furrow around the equator of cell
- Cell eventually pinches in two.
What is the end product from a single round of Mitosis vs Meiosis?
Mitosis:
- A somatic cell doubles its DNA and then divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells (diploid)
- Basis for ALL cell division (except gametes), growth of an embryo, and tissue repair
Meiosis:
- Produces four gametes (egg or sperm-haploid), each with only half the genetic material AND containing genetic variations of the diploid cells
- Combining male and female gametes with half the genetic material produces an embryo with the same number of chromosomes as each of the parents
