Exam #1 (Ch. 1-4, 29) Flashcards
What is considered the science of the STRUCTURE of an organism?
Anatomy
What is considered the science of the FUNCTION of an organism?
Physiology
What are the simplest body structures considered alive?
Cells
Hierarchy of Complexity
Chemical Level, Cell Level, Tissue Level, Organ level, Organ System Level, Organism Level
12 Organ Systems
*RUN, MRS. LIDEC
Respiratory Urinary Nervous Muscular Reproductive - Male - Female Skeletal Lymphatic Integumentary Digestive Endocrine Cardiovascular
Function and Organs of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Provides protection, regulates body temp., prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D.
- Skin, Hair, Nails, and Sweat Glands
Function and Organs of SKELETAL SYSTEM
Provides protection and support, allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose.
- Bones, Associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints
Function and Organs of MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Produces body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
- Muscles attached to skeleton by tendons
Function and Organs of NERVOUS SYSTEM
Detects sensations and controls movement, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
- Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory Receptors
Function and Organs of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
- Consists of Glands, such as Ptiutary, that secrete hormones.
Function and Organs of CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temp.
- Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood
Function and Organs of LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Removes foreign substances form the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
- Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, and other Lymphatic organs.
Function and Organs of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
- Lungs and Respiratory passages
Function and Organs of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory organs
Function and Organs of URINARY SYSTEM
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance.
- Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Function and Organs of FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
- Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary Glands, and Associated structures.
Function and Organs of MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
- Testes, Accessory structures, Ducts, and Penis
Define Homeostasis
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
3 Mechanisms of Homeostasis
- Receptor
- Integrating (Control) Center
- Effector
What is a set-point?
An ideal normal value (eg. Body Temperature)
Examples of NEGATIVE FEEDBACK and POSITIVE FEEDBACK loops.
Negative: Receptors (Thermoreceptors) detect change in set point, send signal to Control Center (Brain) who makes the decision to activate effectors, which carry out producing sweat to cool body down.
Positive: Losing blood supply lowers blood pressure which decreases the delivery of blood to cardiac muscles and cannot function properly. The blood pressure continues to lower and blood decrease begins to follow suit. Ultimately ending in fatality.
Which Feedback Loop is SELF-AMPLIFYING?
Positive Feedback
Which Feedback Loop is MORE LIKELY to cause disease and death?
Positive Feedback
Three planes that separate the body.
- Frontal (Coronal)
- Sagital
- Transverse
Directional Terms - Name their opposites if applicable.
Proximal - Distal Superficial - Deep Anterior - Posterior Lateral - Medial Contralateral - Ipsilateral Superior - Inferior Oblique
How is the body position during the Anatomical Position?
- Body Erect
- Head and Feet Forward
- Arms to side
- Palms Forward