Exam 1: Ch. 1-4 Flashcards
What is the percentage of most people communicating with others during their waking hours?
80%-90%
Interpersonal Communication Defined
the distinctive, transactional form of human communication involving mutual influence, usually for the purpose of managing relationships a. *Focuses on the uniqueness of others (“I-thou” Martin Buber)
Other-oriented
i. To be aware of the thoughts, needs, experiences, personality, emotions, motives, desires, culture…ect. ii. Thinking about the other communication aspect of the relationship
Impersonal communication
i. A process that occurs when we treat others as objects ii. Relate the person as an object or role instead of an individual iii. “I-it relationship”
Mass communication
i. One person vs. a group or audience of people ii. Mass media: television, newspapers 1. …has become more interactive
Public Communication
i. Speaker or teacher speaking to an audience
Intrapersonal communication
i. Communication with yourself 1. Your mind and thoughts
Communication Process:
1) source 2) message 3) channel 4) receiver 5) noise 6) feedback 7) context
communication process: source
a originator of a thought that puts it into code that the other person understands
communication process: message
written, spoken, and unspoken meaning
communication process: channel
the means by which the message is expressed to the receiver - ex: text messaging
communication process: receiver decoding
receives the message and decodes the meaning of the source
communication process: noise
interferences that keeps a message from being interpreted as it was intended
communication process: feedback
response to the message
communication process: context
physical and psychological environment for communication
Human communication as action:
message transfer takes place when a message is sent and received
Human communication as interaction:
message exchange interactive model views communication as a linear step-by-step process, where both the source and the receiver send and receive messages but not simultaneously
human communication as transaction:
message creation When speaking face-to-face, you are constantly reacting to your partner’s responses. based on systems theory
Systems theory:
Theory that describes the interconnected elements of a system in which a change in one element affects all other elements
elements of the system theory
Inputs (all of the variables that go into the system) Throughputs (all of the things that make communication a process) Outputs (what the system produces)
Principles of interpersonal communication
1) connects us to others 2) irreversible 3) complicated 4) governed by rules 5) involved content and relationship dimensions
key idea in interpersonal communication in the saying “connects us to others”
(You cannot not communicate) 1. People judge you by your behavior, not your intent.
key idea in interpersonal communication: irreversible
you cannot take back your words
key idea in interpersonal communication: complicated
1) Whenever you are communicating with another person, you are actually communicating with “six other people” 2) Symbol: word, sound, or visual image that represents something else, such as a thought, concept, or object
key idea in interpersonal communication: governed by rules
- Rule: followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts
Electronically mediated communication (EMC):
communication that is not face to face, but rather is sent via a medium such as a smartphone or the internet
Hyperpersonal relationship:
a relationship formed primarily through electronically mediated communication that becomes more personal than an equivalent face-to-face relationship because of the absence of distracting external cues, smaller amounts of personal information, and idealization of the communication partner.
Differences between Electronically Mediated communication (EMC) with face-to-face (FtF) communication
1) time 2) Varying degrees of anonymity 3) Potential for deception 4) Availability of nonverbal cues 5) Role of written word 6) Distance
Differences between Electronically Mediated communication (EMC) with face-to-face (FtF) communication: time
- Asynchronous message a. A message that is not read, heard, or seen exactly when it is sent; there is a time delay between the sending of the message and its receipt 2. Synchronous message a. A message that is sent and received simultaneously
Cues filtered out theory
Theory that suggests that communication of emotions is restricted when people send messages to others via text messages because nonverbal cues such as facial expression, gestures, and tone of voice are filtered out.
Media richness theory
i. Theory that identifies the richness of a communication medium based on 1. The amount of feedback it allows, 2. The number of cues receivers can interpret, 3. The variety of language it allows, and 4. The potential for emotional expression.
Social information-processing theory
i. Theory that suggests people can communicate relational and emotional messages via the Internet, although such messages take longer to express without nonverbal cues. ii. A key difference between face-to-face and electronically mediated communication = rate at which the information reaches you.
Interpersonal communication competence
a. Become knowledgeable, skilled, and motivates b. Become other-oriented i. Egocentric communicator 1. Person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is self-focused and self-absorbed. ii. Ethics
self defined:
sum total of who a person is; a person’s central inner force
self-concept defined:
your subjective description of who you think you are – it is filtered through your own perceptions
What reflects your self-concept:
i. Attitude: learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way ii. Beliefs: way I which you structure your understanding of reality – what is true and what is false for you iii. Values: enduring concept of good, and bad, right and wrong
mindful defined:
i. The ability to consciously think about what you are doing and experiencing
Subjective self-awareness
i. Ability to differentiate the self from the social and physical environment
Objective self-awareness
i. Ability to be the object of one’s own thoughts and attention – to be aware of one’s state of mind and that one is thinking
Symbolic self-awareness
i. Uniquely human ability to think about oneself and use language (symbols) to represent oneself to others
4 stage model:
i. Unconscious incompetence ii. Conscious incompetence iii. Conscious competence iv. Unconscious competence
what are the selves?
a. The material self: Concept of self as reflected in the total of all the tangible things you own b. The social self: Concept of self as reflected in social interactions with others c. The spiritual self: Concept of self based on thoughts and introspections
Looking-glass self
- Concept that suggests you learn who you are based on your interactions with other, who reflect your self back to you.
Attachment styles:
- Secure attachment style 2. Anxious attachment style 3. Avoidant attachment style
secure attachment style:
Style relating to others that is characteristics of those who are comfortable giving and receiving affection, experiencing intimacy, and trusting other people
Anxious attachment style
The style of relating to others that is characteristic of those who experience anxiety in some intimate relationships and feel uncomfortable giving and receiving affections
Avoidant attachment style
The style of relating to others that s characteristic of those who consistently experience discomfort and awkwardness in intimate relationships and who therefore avoid such relationships.
Self-reflexiveness
ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it.
Big 5 personality traits
a. Extraversion: outgoing, talkative, positive emotions, and sociable b. Agreeableness: friendly, compassionate, trusting, and cooperative c. Conscientious: efficient, organized, self-disciplined, dutiful, and methodical d. Neuroticism: nervous, insecure, emotionally distressed, and anxious e. Openness: curious, imaginative, creative, and adventurous, and inventive
Communibiological approach:
perspective that suggests that genetic and biological influences play a major role influencing communication behavior
Social learning theory
: a theory that suggests people can learn behavior that helps them adapt and adjust their behavior towards others
Self-worth (self-esteem)
Your evaluation of your worth or value based on your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents, and appearance
Self-efficacy
A person’s belief in his or her ability to perform a specific task in a particular situation
face defined:
A person’s positive perception of himself or herself in interactions with others
facework defined:
Using communication to maintain your positive self-perception or to support, reinforce, or challenge someone else’s self-perception
Protecting others’ face through:
i. Politeness theory: Theory that people have positive perceptions of others who treat them politely and respectfully. ii. Face-threatening acts: Communication that undermines or challenges someone’s positive face.
Protecting your face through:
i. Positive face: An image of yourself that will be perceived as positive by others ii. Preventative face work: Efforts to maintain and enhance one’s positive self-perceptions iii. Corrective face work: Efforts to correct what one perceives as a negative perception of oneself on the part of others
How to improve your self-esteem
a. Engage in self-talk b. Visualize a positive image of yourself c. Avoid comparing yourself with others d. Reframe appropriately e. Develop honest relationships f. Let go of the past g. Seek support
Symbolic interaction theory:
theory that people make sense of the world based on their interpretation of words or symbols used by others.
- “I” on our own perspective
- “Me” that what other people think of me
Self-fulfilling prophesy:
prediction about future actions that is likely to come true because the person believes that it will come true.
Self and interpersonal needs
i. Need for inclusion: interpersonal need to be included and to include others in social activities
ii. Need for control –
iii. Need for affection – to give and receive affection
Johari window of self-disclosure:
model of self-disclosure that summarizes how self-awareness is influenced by self-disclosure and information about yourself from others.
a. Open window
i. Known to others and known to self
b. Blind
i. Known to others but not known to self
c. Hidden
i. Not known to others but known to self
d. Unknown
i. Not known to others and not known to self
Self and communication social style:
an identifiable way of habitually communicating with others
Assertiveness (tasks):
tendency to make requests, ask for information, and generally pursue one’s own rights and best interests
Responsiveness (relationships):
tendency to be sensitive to the needs of others, including being sympathetic to others’ feelings and placing the feelings of others above your own.
Interpersonal perception
what you decide what people are like and the meaning of their actions
Stage One: Selective perception
Process of seeing, hearing, or making sense of the world around us based on such factors as our personality, beliefs, attitudes, hopes, fears, and culture, as well as what we like and don’t like; direct our attention to one stimuli and ignore the others;
Stage One: Selective attention:
focus on that particular stimuli
Stage One: Selective exposure
tendency to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors.
Stage One: Selective recall:
process that occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us
Stage One: Thin slicing:
quick judgments on a person by a glimpse
Stage two: organizing
i. Create categories
1. Superimposing: to place a familiar structure on information you select
ii. Link categories
1. Punctuation: process of making sense out of stimuli by grouping, dividing, organizing, separating, and categorizing information
iii. Seek closure: process of filling in missing information or gaps in what we perceive
Understanding interpersonal communicaiton: STAGES (3)
1) Selecting
2) Organizing
3) interpreting
Impression formation theory:
theory that explains how you develop perceptions about people and how you maintain and use those perceptions to interpret their behaviors
Impressions:
collection of perceptions about others that you maintain and use to interpret their behaviors
Passive perception:
occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to one’s surroundings
Active perception:
occurs because you seek out specific information through intentional observation and questioning
Implicit personality theory:
your unique set of beliefs and hypothesis about what people are like.
Construct:
bipolar quality used to classify people
Uncertainty reduction theory:
claims people seek information in order to reduce uncertainty, thus achieving control and predictability
Primacy effect:
tendency to attend to the first pieces of information observed about another person in order to form an impression
i. People pay greater attention to first impressions than later interactions
Predicted outcomes value theory:
people predict the value of a relationship based on initial self-assessment compared to the potential costs and rewards of the relationship.
Recency effect:
tendency to attend the most recent information observed about another person in order to form or modify an impression.
l. Halo effect:
m. Horn effect:
Halo: attributing a variety of positive qualities to those you like.
Horn: attributing a variety of negative qualities to those you dislike.
Attribution theory:
theory that explains how you generate explanations to people’s behaviors.
Causal attribution theory:
theory attribution that identifies the cause of a person’s actions as circumstance, a stimulus, or the person himself or herself.
standpoint theory
i. Theory that a person’s social position, power, cultural background influences how the person perceives the behavior of others
intercultural communication theory: Culture
learned system of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people.
Identifying barriers to accurate interpersonal perception (6)
a. We stereotype
b. We ignore information
c. We impose consistency
d. We focus on the negative
e. We blame others, assuming they have control
f. We avoid responsibility
Social identify model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)
- Theory that people are more likely to stereotype others whom they interact online, because such interactions provide fewer relationship cues and the cues take longer to emerge than they would in face to face interactions
Improving interpersonal perception skills (6)
a. Be aware of your personal perception barriers
b. Be mindful of the behaviors that create meaning for you
c. Link details with the big picture
d. Become aware of others’ perceptions of you
e. Check your perceptions
f. Become other-oriented
Indirect perception checking:
Direct perception checking:
indirect: seeking through passive perception such as observing and listening additional information to confirm or refute interpretations you are making
direct: asking for confirmation form the observed person of an interpretation or a perception about him or her
Sex and gender
i. Sex: biologically based differences that determine whether one is male and female
ii. Gender: socially learned and reinforced – femininity, masculinity, androgyny)
Matures (1925-1942)
- Work hard, have a sense of duty, are willing to sacrifice, have a sense of what is right, and work quickly
Baby boomers (1943-1960)
- Crusade for causes
- Buy now, pay later
- Work efficiently
Generation x (1961-1981)
- Live with uncertainty
- Consider balance important
- Live for today
- Save
- Consider every job a contract
Millennial (1982-2002)
- Are close to their parents
- Feel “special”
- Are goal-oriented
- Are team oriented
- Focus on achievement
Social class: Emerge from society
- Virtually every organization or group develops a hierarchy that makes status distinctions
- We are more likely to interact with people from our own social class.
- People who interact with on another over time teen dot communicate in similar ways; they develop similar speech patterns and expressions
- Members of a social class develop ways of communicating class differences to others by the way they dress, cars they drive, homes they live in, schools they attend, and other visible symbols of class.
- It is possible to change one’s social class through education, employment and income.
Understanding culture: dimensions of our mental software
i. Culture: learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people
ii. Worldview: individual perceptions by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues
iii. Co-culture: a micro-culture; a distinct culture within a larger culture (ex: gay and lesbian)
iv. Enculturation: the process of transmitting a group’s culture from one generation to the next
Cultural context:
aspects of the environment and/or nonverbal cues that convey information not explicitly communicated through language
High-context culture:
people derive much information from nonverbal and environmental cues
Low-context culture:
people derive information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal and environmental cues
Masculine culture:
culture in which people tend to value traditional roles for men and women, achievement, assertiveness, heroism, and material wealth
Feminine culture:
people tend to value caring, sensitivity, and attention to quality of life
Develop motivation: strategies to accept others
i. Tolerate ambiguity
ii. Be mindful
iii. Avoid negative judgments
Communication accommodation theory:
theory that all people adapt their behavior to others to some extent
Develop knowledge strategies
i. Seek information
ii. Ask questions and listen effectively
iii. Create a “third culture”: common ground established when people from separate cultures create a third, “new” more comprehensive and inclusive culture
Barriers to effective intercultural communication:
i. Ethnocentrism: belief that your culture traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others
iii. Different communication codes
iv. Stereotyping and prejudice
v. Assuming similarities
vi. Assuming differences
Avoiding ethnocentrism:
- Be mindful
- Avoid stereotypes
- Separate the politics from the person
- Communicate interpersonally rather than impersonally
Culture shock:
feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences when encountering a culture different from his or her own
Intercultural communication
a. Communication between or among people who have different culture; traditions.
other oriented: Social decentering:
cognitive process in which we take into account another person’s thoughts, feelings, and values, background, and perspective
Other-oriented: Empathy
emotional reaction that is similar to the reaction being experienced by another person; empathizing is feeling what another person is feeling
