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Bioethics Exams > Exam 1, ch 1-3 > Flashcards

Exam 1, ch 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main branches of bioethics

A

Normative ethics, metaethics, applied ethics

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2
Q

Definition of morality

A

beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good or bad persons or characters

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3
Q

Definition of Ethics

A

study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy

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4
Q

definition of descriptive ethics

A

Study of morality using science- empirical facts

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5
Q

def. of normative ethics

A

search for and justification of moral standards or normal (guidelines everyone should follow, treat others how you want to be treated)

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6
Q

def. of metaethics

A

study of the meaning and justification of basic moral beliefs (what it means for an action to be right or for a person to be good)

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7
Q

def. of applied ethics

A

using moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues

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8
Q

4 types of moral norms

A

Normative dominance (overridingness), universality, impartiality, reasonableness

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9
Q

normative dominance and overridingness

A

normative- moral norms dominate (you should not steal)

Overridinging- you should steal if you can avoid getting caught

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10
Q

universality

A

moral principles apply in any and all relevant situations

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11
Q

impartiality

A

everyone considered equal- prohibits discrimination

a moral person is willing to live by the same rules they believe all others ought to follow

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12
Q

reasonablness

A

logic and commonsense constitute the main work- justified so your opinion isn’t “just because”

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13
Q

obligatory action

A

would be wrong not to perform it- paying taxes

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14
Q

permissible action

A

permitted but not required

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15
Q

absolute principle

A

applies without exceptions

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16
Q

prima facie principle

A

applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted (duty to be truthful to patients unless telling them the truth could lead to their death

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17
Q

Autonomy

A

Moral principle

person’s capacity to make their own decisions for themselves

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18
Q

paternalism - weak vs strong

A

Strong- when you make a decision for someone who is capable of making their own decision
Weak- making a decision for someone who are incapable of making decisions or incapacitated

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19
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Above all do no harm

most widely recognized moral principle

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20
Q

beneficence

A

actively promote the well being of others and prevent no harm to them

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21
Q

utility

A

we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (benefit over harm)
vaccinations- kill 2 but save 400,000

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22
Q

justice

A

getting what is fair and what is due

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23
Q

retributive justice

A

if you do something wrong whether you have money or not you are punished the same

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24
Q

distributive justice

A

fair distribution of societies advantages and disadvantages (equals should be treated equally unless there is a morally good reason not to, such as hiring someone who went to nursing school for a nursing job over someone who didn’t go to school)

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25
Q

moral objectivism

A

view that there are moral normal or principles that are valid for true for everyone

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26
Q

moral absolutism

A

objective moral principles allow NO exceptions or must be applied the same way in all cases and cultures

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27
Q

ethical relativism

A

moral standards not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe

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28
Q

subjective relativism

A

view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person “that might eb your truth but it’s not my truth”

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29
Q

Cultural relativism

A

view that right actions are those sanctioned by one’s culture

30
Q

divine command

A

right actions are those commanded by God

31
Q

natural law theory

A

view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason

obligated to survive to pass along genes

32
Q

argument

A

at least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion) - a statement is a claim

33
Q

deductive argument

A

an argument intended to give logically CONCLUSIVE support to its conclusion

  1. all dogs are mammals
  2. Rex is a dog
  3. therefore, Rex is a mammal
34
Q

inductive argument

A

an argument intended to give PROBABLY support to its conclusion

  1. 85 % of the students at university are republicans
  2. Sonia is a student at this university
  3. Therefore, Sonia is probably a Republican
35
Q

3 steps in evaluating an argument

A
  1. study the text until you thoroughly understand it
  2. find the conclusion
  3. identify the premises
36
Q

Modus Ponens

A

Affirming the antecedent (p)- valid

  1. If p, then q (if the surgeon operates, then the patient will be cured)
  2. p. (the surgeon is operating)
  3. Therefore, q (therefore, the patient will be cured)
37
Q

Modus Tollens

A

denying the consequence (q)- valid

  1. If p, then q (if the does is low, then the healing is slow)
  2. Not q (the healing is not slow)
  3. therefore, not p (therefore, the dose is not low)
38
Q

Affirming the consequent

A
  1. if p, then q (if the patient is getting better, then drugs are unnecessary
  2. q (drugs are unnecessary)- blanket statement that’s not true
  3. therefore, p (therefore the patient is getting better)

invalid (consequent is if statement)

39
Q

denying the antecedent

A
  1. if p, then q (if the rate of infection is increasing, then the patient will die)
  2. Not p (the rate of infection is not increasing)
  3. therefore, not q (therefore, the patient will not die)

invalid - the patient could still die even though the infection isn’t increasing

40
Q

straw man fallacy

A

misrepresentation of a person’s views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed

if someone is okay with guns means you’re okay with people killing each other

41
Q

appeal to the person fallacy

A

rejecting of a statement on the grounds it comes from a particular person
reject claims because of a person’s character, background, or circumstance

42
Q

appeal to ignorance fallacy

A

prove something by appealing to what we don’t know

A claim is true because it has not been proven false
Claim is false because it has not been proven true

43
Q

begging the question fallacy

A

trying to prove a conclusion by using the very same conclusion as support - circular reasoning

The Bible says that God exists
The Bible is true because God wrote it
Therefore, God exists

44
Q

slippery slope fallacy

A

arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitable to other actions resulting in the same dire outcome

45
Q

Germ theory

A

theory that germs cause disease (5 sec rule)

46
Q

moral theory

A

an explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person’s character is good or bad

47
Q

virtue based theory

A

focus on good and bad persons or character

48
Q

Consequentialist theory

A

asserts that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results

what/how much good the actions produce, however good is defined

49
Q

deontological theory

A

asserts that the rightness of actions is determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic value

50
Q

utilitarianism

A

right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved

always takes into account happiness and goodness

happiness, pleasure, satisfaction is the classic view

51
Q

act-utilitarianism

A

rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

weighing the effects of each possible act
does this particular action maximize happiness

think short term

52
Q

rule utilitarianism

A

a right action is one that conforms to a rule that is followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad

rule governing categories of acts
adhere to the rules because they maximize the good even though the act may produce bad effects

think long term

53
Q

Kant’s categorical imperative

A

command to do an act on all people regardless of needs, purposes, desires, or interests

do this regardless
applies without exceptions

54
Q

hypothetical imperative

A

do something to achieve particular aims

if you want good pay, work hard

55
Q

respect for persons

A

kants categorical imperative

act in such a way that you treat humanity never as a means but always at the same time as an end

value humanity for what humanity is
people have ultimate value bc they re the ultimate source of value for other things

56
Q

element of rationality

A

performing a bad action to bring a good effect is never morally acceptable but performing a good action may be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect

57
Q

doctrine of double effect

A

explain permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end

58
Q

nature-of-the-act

A

double effect

action but be either morally good or indifferent

59
Q

means-end

A

double effect

bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect

60
Q

right-intention

A

double effect

intention must be the achieving of only the good effect with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect

61
Q

proportionality

A

double effect

bad effect must not be disproportionate to the good effect

62
Q

contractarianism

A

moral or political theories based on the idea of a social contract or agreement among individuals for mutual advantage

63
Q

2 principles of justice

A

equal liberty principle- everyone is entitled to the more freedom possible in exercising basic rights and duties- right to vote, freedom of speech BASIC LIBERTIES

everyone has an equal chance to acquire basic goods
opportunities to obtain benefits must be open to all

64
Q

virtue ethics

A

focuses on development of a virtuous character- goal directed

aspire to moral excellence- cultivate virtues that will make us a better person

65
Q

ethics of care

A

takes into account emotional elements

66
Q

casuistry

A

method of moral reasoning that emphasizes causes and analogy rather than universal principles and theories

in the past we did it this way, looks at case studies to make decisions and doesnt start from them

67
Q

superior theory

A

one that fares best when judged by generally accepted yardsticks (scale from like 1-10, how bad or good will it be)

68
Q

Criterion 1:fruitfulness

A

theory makes successful predictions of previously unknown phenomena

scientific criteria of adequacy

69
Q

criterion 2: conservatism

A

how well a theory fits the established facts with what scientists already know

70
Q

criterion 1, 2, 3

A

moral criteria of adequacy
1. consistency with our considered moral judgements
moral commons ense
2. consistency with the fact of the moral life
can’t simply vent feelings- must be consistent with background knowledge
3. resourcefulness in moral problem solving
if this is lacking there is no usefulness or credibly
helps us solve moral problems

Bioethics Exams (1 decks)

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