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Developmental Psychology > Exam 1 - Ch. 1/2/3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 1/2/3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of D (5)

A

Multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, influenced by many contexts, multidisciplinary

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2
Q

D is multidimensional

A

physical (maturation), cognitive (thinking), socioemotional (interactions, emotions)

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3
Q

D is multidirectional

A

go forward or backward, growth/decline

e.g. thinking speed slows but INC in knowledge compensates

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4
Q

D is plastic

A

malleable/changeable, brain/body compensation, resiliency as result

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5
Q

Resilience

A

able to adapt effectively to adverse circumstances

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6
Q

Influences of D

A

Age-graded, history-graded, non-normative influences

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7
Q

Age-graded influences

A

experiences interpreted differently w/age - most in early/late life e.g. someone mean @ age 6 vs. 16

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8
Q

History-graded influences

A

culture, historical time period e.g. war/epidemic, economic shifts

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9
Q

Cohort

A

generation of people born @ same time in same period

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10
Q

Non-normative influences

A

trauma, dysfunction - not predictable/common

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11
Q

D is multidisciplinary

A

w/sociology, cognitive psych, medicine, stats, philosophy

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12
Q

Continuous view

A

constant, slow/gradual change e.g child gains experience

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13
Q

Discontinuous view

A

periods of latency b/t periods of growth e.g. language

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14
Q

Role in development

A

active: influence world around them, create/avoid experiences that lead to change (AGENCY)
passive: no role, let things happen

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15
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

inherited genes, e.g. birth wt.; many traits heritable not inherited
after birth, environment influenced

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16
Q

Psychoanalytical theories

A

describe D/behavior as result of interactions b/t drives, memories, conflicts unaware of

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17
Q

Freud’s psychosexual theory (describe/limits)

A

sexual stages of D, unconscious drives focus on different body parts, balance b/t over/undergratifying desires
id/ego/superego
not widely accepted(infant sex), not testable

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18
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of D

A

8 stages of growth

  • conflict must be solved at each stage
  • first life span view, focus on role of social world/culture
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19
Q

Behaviorism

A

examine observable behavior - all influenced by physical and social environment
- aka learning theory

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20
Q

Classical conditioning

A

neutral stimulus elicits response originally produced by another stimulus

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A

notice patterns, behavior more/less probable depending on consequences

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22
Q

Conflict b/t learning theories and D psych

A

D wants more emphasis on internal (thoughts/emotions) rather than pure external events

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23
Q

Social learning theory

A 
bobo clown (observational learning), reciprocal determinism
physical/social envir. influ. behavior through effect on thoughts/feelings
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24
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

individuals and environment interact and influence each other

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25
Q

Cognitive-developmental perspective (Jean Piaget)

A
  • children/adults are active explorers of world - learn by interacting in it
  • schemas
  • drive to understand worlds drive cog. D in 4 stages
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26
Q

Weakness of Cog-dev. perspective

A

sees stages as universal, non-varying sequence

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27
Q

Information processing theory

A
  • computer, input into mind, manipulate/store/recall

- experience = better problem solving

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28
Q

Weakness of IP theory

A

doesn’t capture complexity of mind/adaptation to changing circumstances

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29
Q

Vtgotsky;s sociocultural systems theory

A

by children interacting w/adults, older peers, same age peers:

  1. culture transmitted through social interaction from one gen. to next
  2. cog. D stimulated by socialization
  3. language acquisition
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30
Q

What does Vtgotsky emphasize

A

active role in development, role of cultural context in D

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31
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

distance b/t what child can do on own and what can accomplish w/support of someone more knowledgable

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32
Q

Uri Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory

A

D = result of interactions w/our different contexts
- shift in context = ecological transition
Micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono

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33
Q

Microsystem

A

immediate physical/social enivironment (family/peers)

- includes person

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34
Q

Mesosystem

A

relations b/t microsystems (e.g. school/home)

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35
Q

Exosystem

A

setting where not participant but still influences them (tv, parent’s work)

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36
Q

Macrosystem

A

larger sociocultural context (culture, religion)

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37
Q

Chronosystem

A

refers to timing of above events

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38
Q

Ethology

A

study of evolutionary basis of behavior and its survival value e.g. study in chimps
- use evolution to understand changes in life

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39
Q

Scientific method

A

identify problem, hypothesis, gather info, conclude, analyze

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40
Q

Structured observation

A

observing/recording behavior displayed in controlled environment
in contrast to naturalistic

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41
Q

Self report research

A

open ended interview (broad ?s), structured interview (specific set), survey

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42
Q

Problem w/self reporting

A

socially desirable answers

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43
Q

Physiological measures

A

galvanic skin response, HR, FMRI

can’t be faked

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44
Q

Case study

A

in depth, one person, can’t be generalized

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45
Q

Longitudinal research

A

follows same participants over same time

- one cohort, see age change

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46
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

compares groups of people (diff ages) at single point in time
- compare among age not development

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47
Q

Sequential research

A

assess multiple cohorts over time

- gives age/cohort effects

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48
Q

Beneficence

A

should have welfare of participant as goal of any study

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49
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

above all do no harm

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50
Q

Other ethical principles of research

A

responsibility, integrity, justice (benefit spread equally), participant autonomy, informed consent

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51
Q

Dizygotic twins (fraternal)

A

2 ova released, fertilized by 2 sperm

- different genomes, share ~ 1/2 genes

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52
Q

Monozygotic twins (identical)

A

one egg fertilized one sperm, egg splits into 2

- identical genomes

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53
Q

incomplete dominance

A

both genes influence characteristic e.g. blood type

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54
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

expression of gene determined by whether inherited from dad or mom

55
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

when many genes interact to express a certain trait e.g. mental illness

56
Q

Huntington’s

A

dominant gene, brain disease, progressively debilitating, symptoms 30-40s, death 10-20 after symptoms

57
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

recessive, can’t digest phenylalanine, diet restrictions, risk permanent brain damage

58
Q

Sickle Cell

A

recessive, carriers still see symptoms, resistance to malaria

59
Q

X linked disorders

A

males more affected b/c if have, is expressed, females only express if both X have recessive form (hemophilia, fragile X)

60
Q

Down Syndrome

A

3 chromosomes on 21st pair, most common, mild intellectual impairment, premature aging, accelerated decline of cognitive functioning, loving
- early. intervention = high stimulation environment

61
Q

Genetic counseling

A

helps prospective parents determine likelihood that kids will inherit genetic defects
- family history, genetic screening, bioethicist helps

62
Q

Fertility cliff

A

@ 35yo, eggs break more rapidly/easily

63
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

males w/extra X chromosome

64
Q

Jacob’s syndrome

A

males w/extra Y chromosome

65
Q

Turner syndrome

A

only 1 X chromosome (female)

66
Q

Triple X

A

female, often unnoticed symptoms, 3 X chromosomes

67
Q

Fetoscopy

A

small cam inserted into amniotic sac to examine/do procedures during pregnancy

68
Q

Ultrasound

A

most common, fetal abnormalities

69
Q

Fetal MRI

A

fetal snapshot, more info than ultrasound

70
Q

Amniocentesis

A

sample amniotic fluid w/needle

- analyze results for chromosomal abnormalities

71
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

similar to amnio, earlier, sample fetal membrane (chorion)

- difficult b/c membrane is narrow

72
Q

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

A

fetal DNA in mother’s blood - analyze for chromosomal disorders

73
Q

Artificial insemination

A 
in vivo (in womb), injects sperm to egg
- male sperm motility problems
74
Q

In vitro (in glass) fertilization

A

egg/sperm mixed in petri dish (fertilized outside womb)

  • either can be donor (ethical issues w/egg)
  • hormone stimulates egg drop, mix, reimplant
75
Q

Surrogacy

A

another woman implanted w/fertilized egg

- ethics of exploitation

76
Q

Genotype and phenotype

A

genetic makeup, influence traits
vs
traits ultimately show

77
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

genetic influences on personal characteristics and behavior

78
Q

Heritability

A

extent to which variation among people of a characteristic is due to genetic differences

79
Q

Selective breeding

A

reveals genetic contribution to certain traits

80
Q

Family studies

A

how much due to genes vs. environment (twin/adoption studies)

81
Q

Heritability of intelligence, sociability, obesity etc.

A

inherit range of reaction - potential expressions depending on environmental opportunity/constraints

82
Q

Epigenetics

A

psychological development = product of ongoing, bi-directional interaction b/t heredity and environment
- nature AND nurture

83
Q

Canalization

A

heredity narrows range of development to few outcomes e.g. motor development - walking not influenced much

84
Q

Passive gene-environment correlation

A

parents home similar to own interests/genotype as well as child’s e.g. instruments in house

85
Q

Evocative gene-environment correlation

A

child’s genes influences environment e.g. child happy when hears music

86
Q

Niche-picking

A

choose own interest and activities - shapes own development

87
Q

Ovulation

A

when female’s body deposits egg from ovary to fallopian tube

88
Q

Fertilization

A
  • conception in FT
  • sperm swim up FT; detect heat from ovum
  • penetrate ovum
89
Q

When sperm penetrates the ovum…

A

ovum now impenetrable to other sperm, sperm discards tail, its genetic contents merge w/ovum’s making zygote

90
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg (46 chromosomes) travels down FT and to uterine wall where implants

91
Q

Placenta

A

organ of exchange b/t mom and baby

92
Q

3 periods of prenatal

A

germinal (0-2w), embryonic (3-8w), fetal period (A&B - 9w-birth)

93
Q

Fetal period A (2nd trimester)

A

14-26w - develop limbs, organ/sensory systems, respiratory/nervous system
- rapid brain development; specialty cells form

94
Q

What two responses develop in Fetal period A

A

startle response (loud noise) and rapid eye movement

95
Q

Fetal period B (3rd trimester)

A

27-40w - grow wt/length, brain axons/dendrites/synapses form

age of viability

96
Q

age of viability

A

time when fetus can survive outside uterus after birth, natural or induced, when supported by up to date medicine
28w in USA

97
Q

Teratology

A

study of influence of harmful substances and events on fetus

98
Q

Teratogen

A

substance of event that’s harmful to fetus

99
Q

Critical periods

A

each organ has sensitive period in D when is more susceptible to damage from teratogens

100
Q

Dose-response

A

greater dose of teratogens, more damage to development

101
Q

Individual differences in teratogen effects

A

vary in susceptibility to each teratogen based on genetic makeup of organism and mom e.g. drinking mom w/healthy vs. compromised liver

102
Q

Complicated effects of teratogens

A

one teratogen can harm many different fetal systems or have sleeper effect

103
Q

Sleeper effect and e.g.

A

teratogen does harm but harm no show until later in life e.g. DES baby girls

104
Q

DES baby girls

A

DES drug given to reduce miscarriages - around 11-27yo, daughter gets rare cancer

105
Q

Non/Prescription drugs - teratogen

A

Pre: Thalidomide (for morning sickness) and isotretinoin (accutaine)
Non: diet pills/cold remedies, alcohol
hard research due to confounding variables

106
Q

Alcohol - teratogen

A

1 drink/day = LBW, premature, cognitive impariment

FAS

107
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

moderate to heavy drinking associated w/ID, visuospatial/language/motor coordination/executive fxn deficits

108
Q

Cigarettes (direct or secondary exposure)- teratogen

A

death, premature, LBW, heart/lung problems, SIDS, child behavior/attention/ID

109
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

110
Q

Marijuana - teratogen

A

LBW, executive fxn problems, smaller cortex

111
Q

Cocaine/heroin teratogen

A

LBW, reduced brain vol., DEC attention/arousal/self-regulation
lots of confounds
deficits later in life = small but measurable (cognitively)

112
Q

Maternal Illness - MMR/chicken pox while pregnant - teratogen

A

LBW, cognitive/executive fxn deficits, ID, missing limbs, death

113
Q

Maternal illness - STIS - teratogen

A

hepatitis, syphillis, gonorrhea can all be passed to fetus by fluids

114
Q

Environmental hazards - teratogen

A 
heavy metals (lead/mercury) - LBW, ID
most defects in LDCs
115
Q

Nutrition - teratogen

A

impacts from conception to 2nd bday - lower IQ, obesity, hypertension, diabetes

116
Q

Maternal stress - teratogen

A

LBW, premature, longer postpartum hospitalization

117
Q

Maternal age - teratogen

A

older eggs so miscarry/stillbirth, hypertension/diabetes, LBW, premature birth
- downs risk increase @40

118
Q

Poor prenatal care leads to

A

LBW, premature, infant mortality in 1st year

119
Q

Barrier to prenatal care

A

poverty, insurance/transportation lack, young kids, depression

120
Q

Latino paradox

A

latina moms lack prenatal care but have good birth outcomes due to personalismo (strong female community support), healthy traditional diets, and marianismo (traditional devotion to maternal role)

121
Q

Where are kids born?

A

in hospital or at home w/midwife - same rate of poor outcomes
varies by culture

122
Q

3 stages of labor

A

dilation/active labor, delivery, delivery of placenta

123
Q

Dilation/active labor

A

hours to days, end of stage very painful (contractions)

- epidural or other pain relief

124
Q

Delivery of baby

A

minutes to hours, push, head most difficult

125
Q

Delivery of placenta

A

w/in 30m of baby, has contractions so push

examine for abnormalities

126
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

30% in US, for breech (feet first) risk to mom and baby, no long term effects

127
Q

APGAR scale

A

assessment of newborns - appearancce (pink not blue) pulse (>100), grimace (or cry not flat) activity (active) respiration (crying/moving not still)

128
Q

Perceptual capacities of newborn

A

well developed taste/smell - smells milk in nipples

- limited vision, remarkable auditory capacity

129
Q

Patterns of arousal - newborn

A

sleep, wakefulness, feeding

70% sleep, 30% feed/cry

130
Q

Sleep cycles comparatively

A

newborns REM 50% compared to adult 20%, less waking stimulation = more REM, healthy form of self-stimulation

131
Q

LBW infants

A

normal ~8lbs, low <5.5, >risk of breathing/feeding problem; later in life can be CP, blind, deaf, lower IQ

132
Q

Extremely LBW infants <1lb 1oz

A

need NICU for breathing/warmth/IV feeding; also death, poor bonding, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, poor hearing

133
Q

Kangaroo care

A

good for LBW - naked baby on mom’s chest all day/night

Developmental Psychology (2 decks)

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