Exam 1- CH 1- 10 Flashcards
Historicism refers to the belief that
The past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a:
Indeterminist
The _______ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information actively
Rationalist
The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God’s intervention is called:
Occasionalism
Presentism assumes that
The present state of a discipline is its best, most fully developed state
The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is most compatible with:
A. Feyerabend’s anarchy principal
B. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
C. Poppers robust determinism
D. Kuhn’s preparadigmatic determinism
B. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
_______ maintains that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws
Vitalism
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:
Naïve realism
If any conceivable observation supports a theory, popper would conclude that the theory is:
Weak
For popper, a nonscientific theory:
A. Is insignificant
B. Is unimportant
C. Can still be useful
D. Is especially useful
Can still be useful
The __________ believes that because cognitive processes such as intentions, values, and beliefs intervene between experience and behavior, humans are responsible for their actions
A. Hard determinist
B. Soft determinist
C. Indeterminist
D. All of these choices
B. Soft determinist
According to the author of your text, which of the following would be an appropriate part of the answer to the question, “is psychology a science?”
A. Some aspects of psychology are scientific
B. Some aspects of psychology are not yet scientific but someday they may be
C. Some aspects of psychology will probably never be scientific
D. All of these choices are appropriate answers
D. All of these choices are appropriate answers
The approach to writing a history of psychology that combines the best of several approaches is referred to as:
Eclecticism
The __________ stresses a persons beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior
Psychical determinist
According to Aristotle, the ______ kept an object moving or developing in it’s prescribed direction until its full potential was reached
Entelechy
According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:
Biological inheritance
Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the sophists position. Which of the following is not representative of the position?
A. Truth depends on the perceiver, not on physical reality
B. Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences of individuals affect their perceptions
C. What is truth is not affected by the culture in which one lives
D. To understand why a person believes as he or she does, one must understand the person
C. What is truth is not affected by the culture in which one lives
According to Aristotle, _____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience
Imagination
Gorgias was a solipsist because he believed that:
A. We can be aware only of our own experiences and mental states
B. There are three objective ways of determining truth
C. Some beliefs are more true than others
D. The effect of words on the mind is like the effect of drugs on the body
A. We can be aware only of our own experiences and mental states
Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when:
Eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with the elements found in the blood
According to Aristotle, ____ possess a soul
All living things
Socrates used the method of ___ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in common
Inductive definition
Projecting human attributes onto nature is called
Anthropomorphism
According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in:
Ignorance or, at best, opinion
Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a:
Nihilist
Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience provides:
Illusion
According to the author of your text, magic, religion, philosophy, and science can all be viewed as efforts to:
Predict and control nature
According to the sophists, what is it that determines whether an idea is accepted?
How effectively the idea is communicated
According to Aristotle, ___ was a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ___ involves an actual mental search for a past experience
Remembering; recall
Those who said so called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels were called:
Nominalists
Using Kuhn’s terminology to describe the conditions of the 14th and 15th centuries, all of the following were true except:
A. The period was characterized by the intense creativity that results when several paradigms coexist
B. Philosophers were engaged in “normal philosophy”
C. Anomalies were appearing everywhere within the Christian paradigm
D. The Christian paradigm was dominant in the Western world
A. The period was characterized by the intense creativity that results when several paradigms coexist
Aristotle’s emphasis on ___ placed the church in a difficult position
Reason
All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except:
A. Pythagoras
B. Plato
C. William of Occam
D. Aquinas
William of Occam
According to Saint Augustine, evil exists because
Humans chose it
According to Philo, The way to true knowledge is by:
A. Introspecting on innate truth
B. A purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination
C. Engaging in active reason
D. Combining empirical observation with rational deliberation
B. A pure, passive mind receiving divine illumination
According to Saint Augustine, not acting in accordance with the internal sense caused:
Guilt
The fact that St. Paul ___ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers
A. Valued faith above reason
B. Valued reason above faith
C. Valued intuition above empirical observation
D. Valued Epicureanism above Stoicism
A. valued faith above reason`
The Roman empire’s emphasis on law and order fit well with:
Stoicism
Confessions, a volume about one man’s sins, confessions, and forgiveness was written by:
Saint Augustine
To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used:
The dialectic method
In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle’s works and the Islamic and Jewish scholars interpretation of Aristotle’s works, ___ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations
Magnus
The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:
Realism
The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called
Occam’s razor
The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is
If one can think of something, it must exist
According to Descartes, when a sense receptor was stimulated, “delicate threads” were pulled and cavities in the brain were opened, thereby releasing ___ into the nerves
Animal spirits
Which of the following did not characterize Renaissance humanism?
A. Great concern with human potential and achievements
B. An interest in how people think, behave, and feel
C. An intense interest in the past
D. A deep appreciation of Aristotelianism
D. A deep appreciation of Aristotelianism
Martin Luther followed whose lead in criticizing the Catholic Church?
Erasmus
According to bacon, science should utilize:
Only the direct observation of nature
Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority?
A. The explorations of Marco Polo
B. The invention of metal movable type
C. Martin Luther’s challenge to Catholicism
D. The embracing of Aristotle’s empirical views
D. The embracing of Aristotle’s empirical views
Both bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that:
Was impervious to the doubts of the skeptics
The only justification for accepting Copernicus’s heliocentric theory was that it:
A. Made accurate astronomical predictions
B. Was compatible with church dogma
C. Explained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order
D. Accorded well with the evidence of the senses
C. Explained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order
Galileo used experiments to do all of the following except:
A. Demonstrate the existence of scientific laws
B. Convince skeptics of the existence of scientific laws
C. Show the usefulness of mathematics in science
D. Show that essences are important for explanations
D. Show that essences are important for explanations
According to bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them constituted the:
Idol of the tribe
Giovanni pico argued that:
A. God has granted humans a unique position in the universe
B. Humans are not capable of change
C. Humans do not have freedom to choose from a variety of lifestyles
D. Individuals with differing viewpoints cannot be tolerated
A. God had granted humans a unique position in the universe
Which of the following was true of the Ptolemaic system?
A. It was unable to make accurate astronomical predictions
B. It was unable to make predictions in accordance with the testimony of the senses
C. It was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe
D. It accepted the heliocentric theory
C. It was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe
According to Renaissance humanists, Aristotle’s philosophy had:
Become too influential within the church
Galileo was among the first to conclude that
A. The world of appearance was inferior to a perfect abstract world
B. A science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible
C. Secondary qualities were superior to primary qualities
D. Human pleasures, passions, and ambitions can and should be studied objectively
B. A science of psychology was impossible
Among the Renaissance humanists, skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:
Montaigne
Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory information because:
A. God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us
B. It was always clear and distinct
C. It was compatible with innate ideas
D. It made common sense to do so
God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us
Science has two major components
Empirical observation and theory
Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:
Demonstrative knowledge
Le Mettrie believed all of the following except that:
A. Humans were qualitatively different from nonhuman animals
B. As brain size increases so does level of intelligence
C. If primates could be taught language they would be like humans in almost all respects
D. The smaller the brain the fiercer the animal
A. Humans were qualitatively different from nonhuman animals
Of Locke’s beliefs concerning the mind, which one is not true?
A. The mind neither creates not destroys ideas
B. The mind can arrange existing ideas in an almost infinite number of configurations
C. The mind clarifies innate ideas
D. The mind combines simple ideas into complex ideas
C. The mind clarifies innate idea
Bains explanation of voluntary behavior combined:
The notions of spontaneous activity and hedonism
All of the following were goals of the British empiricists and the French sensationalists except:
A. To explain the mind as newton had explained the physical world
B. To show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior
C. To minimize or eliminate metaphysical speculation while explaining human psychology
D. To explain mental events in mechanistic terms
B. To show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behaviour
For Hobbes, choice was:
Nothing more than a verbal label we use to describe the attractions and aversions we experience while interacting with the environment
According to ___ The best government was one that provided the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people
Utilitarianism
For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was:
Association
Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel?
A. Synthesis
B. Antithesis
C. Thesis
D. Conflict
D. Conflict
Comte used the term sociology to describe
The study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development
Bain’s goal was to:
A. Show that a science of ethology was possible
B. Describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena
C. Show the compatibility between J. S. Mill’s concept of mental chemistry and Cartesian philosophy
D. Show that mental and behavioral phenomena could be explained without employing the law of contiguity
B. Describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioural phenomena
If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte psychology was:
Metaphysical nonsense
Locke’s major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that
If ideas were innate, all humans would have them, and they do not
James mill maintained that any mental experience could be reduced to:
The simple ideas of which it is constructed
Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to
Prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
John Stewart Mills concept of ___ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James mill and others
Mental chemistry
Pansychism is the belief that
Everything in nature has consciousness or mental processes
On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:
Psychophysical parallelism
Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from:
God
Which of the following is not consistent with Herbart’s advice to teachers?
A. Review the material that has already been learned
B. Prepare the student for the new material by giving an overview of what is coming next
C. Relate new material to what has already been learned
D. Show applications of new material before the concepts have been described
D. Show applications of new material before the concepts have been described
In a discipline that Kant called ___, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and production and control of human behaviour
Anthropology
About psychology, Kant believed
Psychology could not become an experimental science
According to Herbart, the ___ contained all of the ideas to which we were attending
Apperceptive mass
According to Kant, our phenomenological experience resulted from:
The interaction between sensations and the categories of thought
According to Spinoza, all human emotions were derived from
The experiences of pleasure and pain
For Spinoza, our freedom, or free will, consists:
Of knowing that everything that is must necessarily be
According to Bernard, Spinoza’s belief in ___ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology
Psychic determinism
According to ___ when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person’s arm
Malebranche
A major difference between Descartes and Leibniz was that Leibniz:
Encouraged the study of consciousness in nonhuman animals
Kant agreed with Hume that
We can never experience the physical world directly
According to Muller, we are directly aware of
Sensory impulses
Kant’s nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Muller stressed
Physiological mechanisms
Nietzsche believed that:
A. There was a God who cared for us
B. The earth occupied a favored position in the universe
C. Evolutionary theory had made human existence more meaningful
D. A person had to create whatever meaning his or her life was going to have
D. A person had to create whatever meaning his or her life was going to have
Goethe’s idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on
Jung
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied we feel
Bored
Nietzsche believed that the ___ aspect of human nature manifested itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness
Apollonian
According to Rousseau, all of the following were aspects of the optimal condition for learning except:
A. A child and a tutor
B. A child’s natural interests
C. A natural setting
D. A curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge
D. A curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge
Which of the following is not part of the existential philosophy?
A. Uniqueness of each individual
B. Freedom of choice
C. The importance of rational thought
D. Stressing the meaning of human existence
C. The importance of rational thought
Kierkegaard believed that truth was
Both subjective and whatever a person who believed privately and emotionally
For Rousseau, The best guide for human conduct was or were
A persons honest feelings and inclinations
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to
Embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
For Nietzsche, The most Basic motive for human behavior was
The will to power
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had all of the following in common except
A. A criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy
B. Rejection of what was conventionally accepted
C. Criticism of the organized church and science
D. A belief in God
A belief in God
Nietzsche believed that
A. All human behavior is determined
B. Life without the restraints of religion is certain to be chaotic
C. People are their own creation
D. The only free people are artists
People are their own creation
Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society as a
Noble savage
Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if
Every individual strove to be all that he or she could be
Gall believed all of the following except
A. There was a relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence
B. The faculties of the mind we’re located in specific locations
C. The bumps and indentations on the skull could be used to measure the magnitude of the underlying faculties
D. The mind functioned as an indivisible whole
D. The mind functioned as an indivisible whole
The belief that educational experiences could be arranged so that they strengthened certain faculties of the mind it was called
Formal discipline
Miller believed that
A. The physical world was as we perceived it to be
B. Our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess
C. We could assume that our sense impressions accurately reflect physical reality because God would not deceive us
D. Our view of physical reality would be the same if we had only one sensory system instead of five
B. Our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess
Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weight then when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to:
Kinesthesis
According to Helmholtz, it was the minds job to create a reasonably accurate view of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses. He described this process with his:
Theory of signs
For Hering space perception resulted from
Innate characteristics of the eye which provide information on height, left-right position, and depth
Following Spinoza, Fechner believed that
Consciousness is as prevailant in the universe as is matter
Mueller’s contention that there were five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy, was called
The doctrine of specific nerve energies
According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision?
Achromatic vision, blue-yellow sensitivity, red-green sensitivity
Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wore distorted lenses they
Would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally
In explaining auditory perception, Helmholtz assumed that a sound wave of a particular frequency caused the appropriate fiber in the ___ to vibrate
Basilar membrane
Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ___ and supported it with experimental evidence
Young
Concerning Kant’s proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that
They were all derived from experience
Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the
Just noticeable difference
By shifting one’s attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as
Creative synthesis
Titchener defined ___ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment
The consciousness
Which of the following did Wundt Believe about experimental psychology?
A. It was useless in understanding higher mental processes
B. It represented the only worthwhile type of psychology
C. It was impossible
D. It could be used only to investigate the higher mental processes
A. It was useless in understanding higher mental processes
Those studying the processes of the mind rather than its contents were called
Act psychologists
Wundt believed that feelings were
Various combinations of three attributes
By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychologies first
Retention curve
Wundt’s use of introspection most closely resembled that of
Helmholtzain physiologists
According to the author of the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to
Assimilate the doctrine of evolution
For Titchener, A stimulus error consisted of
Allowing the meaning of an object to influence one’s introspective analysis of that object
Titchener concluded that there were about ___ identifiable sensations, most of which were related to the sense of ___
40,000; vision
The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is making slight steering adjustments driving exemplifies
Both mental set and a determining tendency
As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ___ and not ___
Meanings; specific words
Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to
Free his research material from the influence of prior learning
Wundt believed that topics such as religion, social customs, and language could be studied
Both using historical analysis and using naturalistic observation
From the experiment with the pendulum clock or thought meter, Wundt concluded
That experimental psychology must stress selective attention or volition
In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence?
He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100
The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to
Distinguish between normal and retarded children
Spencers synthesis of the principle of contiguity an evolutionary theory has been called
Evolutionary associationism
Herbert Spencer applied the notion of evolution
To everything in the universe
When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be
Correlated
According to the author of your text, the Burt scandal taught us more about ___ than about ___
The politics of science; The nature of intelligence
Terman found all of the following to be true of the children who participated in his study of genius except
A. They had parents of above average intelligence
B because their intellectual ability developed so quickly and early in life, it was slower than average following childhood
C. They participated in a wide range of activities
D. They had learned to read at an early age
B. Because their intellectual ability developed so quickly and early in life, it was slower than average following childhood
According to Spencer, the best government was one that
Allowed free competition among all its citizens
Which of the following best summarizes Darwins view of the evolutionary process
Evolution just happens
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with the church was over
The age of the earth
Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwins at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory?
Wallace
The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to
Distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
Binet disagreed with Sterns use of the intelligence quotient because
He believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number
Darwin defined fitness in terms of an organisms
Ability to survive and reproduce
Yerkes believed that for intelligence test to be effective in the Armed Forces all of the following would need to be true except
A. They would need to be administered two groups instead of individual
B. They would need to measure native intelligence
C. They would need to be easy to administer and score
D. They would need to be administered to one individual at a time
D. They would need to be administered to one individual at a time
