Exam #1: Cellular Basis for Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
- have a catechol nucleus that comes from the precursor structure tyrosine
- has two carbons and an amine group
- Tyrosine converts to DOPA by the addition of a hydroxyl group which is the direct precursor to Dopamine (a decarboxylase takes off the carboxyl groups, the COOH),
- add an OH and take away a COOH to get dopamine, process ends here in dopamine neurons
- hydroxylase adds an OH group, after dopamine when a hydroxylase adds an OH to the beta carbon, you get norepinephrine
A
catecholamine
2
Q
- produces mRNA (messenger RiboNucleic Acid)
- Single stranded copy of the the DNA molecule
- 4 bases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil [replaces thymine]) in a sequence that codes for the specific amino acid sequence of a protein
- Exits the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm
A
DNA transcription
3
Q
- reduction in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell
- cell increases neurotransmitter influence- overwhelms post synaptic cell, which prompts the post synaptic cell to decrease receptor complement and become less sensitive to neurotransmitter presence (ex. drug addiction)
A
desensitization
4
Q
- SSRIs are inhibitors, they stop serotonin from being taken up by the receptors so there is more floating around
- People respond well to SSRIs for the most part, they work really well, better for anxiety than depression.
- Four people with depression can present with the same symptoms but have different comorbidities/different underlying pathology, and drugs don’t work the same in those populations.
- We don’t have the diagnostic tools yet to test which one works best so we do symptom description diagnosis.
A
do SSRIs create more protein reuptake pumps or do they create more serotonin for the reuptake pumps to hold on to?
5
Q
a molecule that binds to a receptor at a different location than agonists/antagonists and increases the ability of the receptor to bind to a ligand (i.e. neurotransmitter)
A
allosteric modifier
6
Q
a piece of the membrane pinches back to form a new vesicle
A
endocytosis
7
Q
a short chain of amino acids released from the brain into the blood stream to act as neurochemical signals between brain and body
A
peptide hormones
8
Q
a short chain of amino acids released in the brain and used as a neurochemical signal between neurons; they are “metabolically expensive” (ie, they take a lot of energy to make), so they tend to act at low concentrations for a long period of time as neuromodulators (i.e. endorphins, vasopressin, oxytocin, etc)
A
peptide neurotransmitters
9
Q
acetylcholine
A
small molecule neurotransmitter known for thought, learning and memory; activates muscle action in the body, and attention and awakening.
10
Q
acetylcholine synthesis
A
synthesized in the pre-synaptic terminal by the enzyme cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) which fuses to acetate (Acetyl-CoA) and choline together → ACh
Once released, ACh binds to receptors on the post synaptic cell, and then either diffuses out of the synapse or is metabolized by enzymes like acetylcholinesterase
11
Q
affinity
A
how fast and strong a ligand binds to a receptor
12
Q
agonist
A
molecules that bind to a receptor and activate it biologically
13
Q
allosteric modifier
A
a molecule that binds to a receptor at a different location than agonists/antagonists and increases the ability of the receptor to bind to a ligand (i.e. neurotransmitter)
14
Q
AMPA
A
most active GLU receptor; causes neuron excitation due to increase Na+ influx
15
Q
an up-regulation problem characterized increase in sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell caused when:
- Presynaptic cell decreases neurotransmitter influence – starves postsynaptic cell
- Postsynaptic cell increases receptor complement and becomes supersensitive to any of the remaining neurotransmitter around the cell (ex. phantom limb pain)
A
denervation supersensitivity
16
Q
antagonist
A
molecules that bind to a receptor but do not activate it biologically; usually have a high affinity so the receptor is literally blocked from functioning
17
Q
anterograde
A
movement of ions towards the terminal
18
Q
attracted to water
A
hydrophilicity
19
Q
axon
A
long slender projection off the soma that sends signals to other neurons; surrounded by a myelin sheath to protect and insulate it
20
Q
axoplasmic transport
A
transport of new proteins to distant locations in the neurites
21
Q
biogenic amines
A
family of neurotransmitters that include catecholamines (dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE)), and the indolamine, serotonin (5HT)
22
Q
bipolar
A
two neurites originating from the soma (i.e. interneurons)
23
Q
bulbous ending at the end of the axon, contains synaptic vesicles which are filled with neurotransmitters
A
pre-synaptic terminal
24
Q
calcium helps the SNP proteins to come together and twist and bind synaptobrevin during exocytosis and then twist and release
A
calcium-mediated release
25
calcium-mediated release
calcium helps the SNP proteins to come together and twist and bind synaptobrevin during exocytosis and then twist and release
26
catecholamine
- have a catechol nucleus that comes from the precursor structure tyrosine
- has two carbons and an amine group
- Tyrosine converts to DOPA by the addition of a hydroxyl group which is the direct precursor to Dopamine (a decarboxylase takes off the carboxyl groups, the COOH),
- add an OH and take away a COOH to get dopamine, process ends here in dopamine neurons
- hydroxylase adds an OH group, after dopamine when a hydroxylase adds an OH to the beta carbon, you get norepinephrine
27
causes neuron excitation due to increase Na+ influx
kainate
28
causes neuron excitation due to increase Na+/Ca2+ influx
NMDA
29
Cells always contact from the presynaptic terminal to the dendrites with information flwoing from the dendrite to the soma to the axon to the terminal (axo-dendritic synapses)
Original Law of Dynamic Polarization
30
Cells contact each other in more ways than just presynaptic to postsynaptic:
Axo-somatic synapses– Info flows pre-synaptic terminal à soma* via Axo-axonic synapses – Info flows pre-synaptic terminal à axon* via Axo-synaptic synapses – Info flows pre-synaptic terminal à pre-synaptic terminal
Revised Law of Dynamic Polarization
31
cells that myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord as part of the CNS
oligodendrocytes
32
cells that myelinate axons in the PNS
schwann cells
33
chemical signals (trophic factors) are proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other are exchanged between potential synaptic partners
chemoaffinity hypothesis
34
chemoaffinity hypothesis
chemical signals (trophic factors) are proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other are exchanged between potential synaptic partners
35
cholinergic synapse
the connection between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
36
coating on axons that insulates the electrochemical signals
myelin
37
contiuum of efficacy
when a neurotransmitter binds and opens up a channel, it doesn’t just stay and keep it open, it jumps off and then could bind again somewhere else
38
dendrites
tree-like extensions off the soma that receive signals from other neurons
39
denervation supersensitivity
an up-regulation problem characterized increase in sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell caused when:
1. Presynaptic cell decreases neurotransmitter influence – starves postsynaptic cell
2. Postsynaptic cell increases receptor complement and becomes supersensitive to any of the remaining neurotransmitter around the cell (ex. phantom limb pain)
40
desensitization
- reduction in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell
- cell increases neurotransmitter influence- overwhelms post synaptic cell, which prompts the post synaptic cell to decrease receptor complement and become less sensitive to neurotransmitter presence (ex. drug addiction)
41
determine nerve cell shape and movement (i.e. actin, tubulin, elastin)
structural proteins
42
basics of cell biology
your DNA (genes) is transcribed into RNA (genetic message) which is translated into proteins (functional molecules)
43
DNA transcription
- produces mRNA (messenger RiboNucleic Acid)
- Single stranded copy of the the DNA molecule
- 4 bases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil [replaces thymine]) in a sequence that codes for the specific amino acid sequence of a protein
- Exits the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm
44
do SSRIs create more protein reuptake pumps or do they create more serotonin for the reuptake pumps to hold on to?
- SSRIs are inhibitors, they stop serotonin from being taken up by the receptors so there is more floating around
- People respond well to SSRIs for the most part, they work really well, better for anxiety than depression.
- Four people with depression can present with the same symptoms but have different comorbidities/different underlying pathology, and drugs don’t work the same in those populations.
- We don’t have the diagnostic tools yet to test which one works best so we do symptom description diagnosis.
45
dopamine
small molecule neurotransmitter known for pleasure;
also addiction, movement and motivation. People repeat behaviors that lead to this chemical release.
46
each schwann cells dedicates itself to a small segment of an axon
schwann cell myelination
47
endocytosis
a piece of the membrane pinches back to form a new vesicle
48
endorphins
peptide neurotransmitters known for euphoria; released during exercise, excitement, and sex; reduces pain
49
enzyme
Substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
50
epilepsy
loss of GABA producing neurons, treated with GABA stimulating drugs
51
exocytosis
fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane
52
family of neurotransmitters that include catecholamines (dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE)), and the indolamine, serotonin (5HT)
biogenic amines
53
filopedia
"finger feet" that come out of the growth cone
54
"finger feet" that come out of the growth cone
filopedia
55
fluid mosaic model
in a cell, the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer acts as a very effective barrier to e-charged particles like water (H2O) and salt (Na+, K+) trying to get in and out of the cell.
different proteins in the membrane act as hydrophilic channels and pumps (functional components)
56
function of neurotransmitters
it is the property of a receptor, not the property of the molecule itself
57
fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane
exocytosis
58
GABA
small molecule neurotransmitter known for inhibition; calms firing nerves in the central nervous system; high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety; also contributes to motor control and vision.
59
GABA A receptors
ionotropic receptors that function as Cl- channels that produce neuronal inhibition; they have at least two allosteric binding sites that when bound increase the ability of the receptor to bind to the neurotransmitter; there is one site of action for benzodiazepines (sedatives) another for barbiturates (tranquilizers)
60
glutamate
small molecule neurotransmitter known for memory; most common neurotransmitter; involved in learning and memory, and the regulation of development and creation of nerve contacts.
61
glycine
important amino acid for inhibition, especially in the spinal cord, where it is used instead of GABA
62
glycine antagonist used as a poison; causes spinal seizure
strychnine
63
growth cone
tip of a growing neuronal axon
64
how biologically effective a ligand is once bound
potency
65
how fast and strong a ligand binds to a receptor
affinity
66
hydrophilicity
attracted to water
67
hydrophobicity
repelled from water
68
If correct synaptic partner:
- filopodia flatten out
- presynaptic and postsynaptic densities appear
- clusters of proteins like neurotransmitter receptors and reuptake pumps
withdrawal and approach cycles
69
important amino acid for inhibition, especially in the spinal cord, where it is used instead of GABA
glycine
70
in a cell, the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer acts as a very effective barrier to e-charged particles like water (H2O) and salt (Na+, K+) trying to get in and out of the cell.
different proteins in the membrane act as hydrophilic channels and pumps (functional components)
fluid mosaic model
71
In the 1890's, it was theorized that the brain was composed of individual, highly specialized cells called neurons
Neuron Doctrine
72
in this case, when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, the binding activates a signal for the channel to open. It isn't a channel itself, but binding to the receptor still opens a channel
metabotropic receptor
73
indolamine
starts from the amino acid tryptophan that looks like an indol group,
- hydroxylase adds an OH group, and then the decarboxylase removes a COOH
74
insecticides
manmade AChE blockers
75
ionotropic receptor
neurotransmitter receptors that bind to a neurotransmitter, and the receptor itself becomes a channel where the ions move across
76
ionotropic receptors that function as Cl- channels that produce neuronal inhibition; they have at least two allosteric binding sites that when bound increase the ability of the receptor to bind to the neurotransmitter; there is one site of action for benzodiazepines (sedatives) another for barbiturates (tranquilizers)
GABA A receptors
77
it is the property of a receptor, not the property of the molecule itself
function of neurotransmitters
78
kainate
causes neuron excitation due to increase Na+ influx
79
long slender projection off the soma that sends signals to other neurons; surrounded by a myelin sheath to protect and insulate it
axon
80
loss of GABA producing neurons, treated with GABA stimulating drugs
epilepsy
81
manmade AChE blockers
insecticides
82
many neurites originating from the soma (i.e. motor neurons or pyramidal neurons)
multipolar
83
metabotropic receptor
in this case, when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, the binding activates a signal for the channel to open. It isn't a channel itself, but binding to the receptor still opens a channel
84
molecules that bind to a receptor and activate it biologically
agonist
85
molecules that bind to a receptor but do not activate it biologically; usually have a high affinity so the receptor is literally blocked from functioning
antagonist
86
most active GLU receptor; causes neuron excitation due to increase Na+ influx
AMPA
87
movement of ions towards the soma
retrograde
88
movement of ions towards the terminal
anterograde
89
multipolar
many neurites originating from the soma (i.e. motor neurons or pyramidal neurons)
90
myelin
coating on axons that insulates the electrochemical signals
91
naturally occurring drug that blocks AChE
physostigmine
92
neurochemistry
the brain moves ions, making the cell either become positive and excited (on), or negative and inactive (off)
93
neuromodulator
small peptide that acts to bind to an allosteric site on a receptor to enhance the binding of that receptor to a natural neurotransmitter
94
Neuron Doctrine
In the 1890's, it was theorized that the brain was composed of individual, highly specialized cells called neurons
95
neurotransmitter receptors
specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron that bind neurotransmitters released into the synapse, opening a pore for charged ions (i.e. Na+, K+) and allowing them to enter/exit the neuron
96
neurotransmitter receptors that bind to a neurotransmitter, and the receptor itself becomes a channel where the ions move across
ionotropic receptor
97
NMDA
causes neuron excitation due to increase Na+/Ca2+ influx
98
noradrenaline
small molecule neurotransmitter known for concentration; affects attention and responding actions in the brain, contracts blood vessels, increases blood flow.
99
oligodendrocyte myelination
oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons
100
oligodendrocytes
cells that myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord as part of the CNS
101
oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons
oligodendrocyte myelination
102
one neurite originating from the soma (i.e. sensory neurons)
unipolar
103
Original Law of Dynamic Polarization
Cells always contact from the presynaptic terminal to the dendrites with information flwoing from the dendrite to the soma to the axon to the terminal (axo-dendritic synapses)
104
orthograde axoplasmic transport
the way in which peptide transmitters are packaged into vesicles in the cell body and sent down the axon to the synaptic terminal
- they are first broken down into small “active” peptides
- after release they diffuse away from synapse and are broken down by enzymes (proteolysis)
105
parikaryon
soma or cell body, contains the nucleus
106
peptide hormones
a short chain of amino acids released from the brain into the blood stream to act as neurochemical signals between brain and body
107
peptide neurotransmitters
a short chain of amino acids released in the brain and used as a neurochemical signal between neurons; they are "metabolically expensive" (ie, they take a lot of energy to make), so they tend to act at low concentrations for a long period of time as neuromodulators (i.e. endorphins, vasopressin, oxytocin, etc)
108
peptide neurotransmitters known for euphoria; released during exercise, excitement, and sex; reduces pain
endorphins
109
physostigmine
naturally occurring drug that blocks AChE
110
potency
how biologically effective a ligand is once bound
111
pre-synaptic terminal
bulbous ending at the end of the axon, contains synaptic vesicles which are filled with neurotransmitters
112
presynaptic inhibition
when GABA blocks the ability of a synaptic terminal to release neurotransmitter
113
repelled from water
hydrophobicity
114
retrograde
movement of ions towards the soma
115
Revised Law of Dynamic Polarization
Cells contact each other in more ways than just presynaptic to postsynaptic:
Axo-somatic synapses– Info flows pre-synaptic terminal à soma* via Axo-axonic synapses – Info flows pre-synaptic terminal à axon* via Axo-synaptic synapses – Info flows pre-synaptic terminal à pre-synaptic terminal
116
schwann cell myelination
each schwann cells dedicates itself to a small segment of an axon
117
schwann cells
cells that myelinate axons in the PNS
118
serotonin
small molecule neurotransmitter known for mood;
contributes to well-being and happiness, helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation; affected by
exercise and light exposure.
119
small molecule neurotransmitter known for concentration; affects attention and responding actions in the brain, contracts blood vessels, increases blood flow.
noradrenaline
120
small molecule neurotransmitter known for inhibition; calms firing nerves in the central nervous system; high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety; also contributes to motor control and vision.
GABA
121
small molecule neurotransmitter known for memory; most common neurotransmitter; involved in learning and memory, and the regulation of development and creation of nerve contacts.
glutamate
122
small molecule neurotransmitter known for mood;
contributes to well-being and happiness, helps sleep
cycle and digestive system regulation; affected by
exercise and light exposure.
serotonin
123
small molecule neurotransmitter known for pleasure;
also addiction, movement and motivation. People repeat behaviors that lead to this chemical release.
dopamine
124
small molecule neurotransmitter known for thought, learning and memory; activates muscle action in the body, and attention and awakening.
acetylcholine
125
small peptide that acts to bind to an allosteric site on a receptor to enhance the binding of that receptor to a natural neurotransmitter
neuromodulator
126
soma or cell body, contains the nucleus
parikaryon
127
specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron that bind neurotransmitters released into the synapse, opening a pore for charged ions (i.e. Na+, K+) and allowing them to enter/exit the neuron
neurotransmitter receptors
128
SSRI neuroplasticity
when someone takes SSRIs it doesn’t cause receptor down-regulation because it is a slow, system level process
129
starts from the amino acid tryptophan that looks like an indol group,
- hydroxylase adds an OH group, and then the decarboxylase removes a COOH
indolamine
130
structural proteins
determine nerve cell shape and movement (i.e. actin, tubulin, elastin)
131
strychnine
glycine antagonist used as a poison; causes spinal seizure
132
Substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
enzyme
133
synthesized in the pre-synaptic terminal by the enzyme cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) which fuses to acetate (Acetyl-CoA) and choline together → ACh
Once released, ACh binds to receptors on the post synaptic cell, and then either diffuses out of the synapse or is metabolized by enzymes like acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholine synthesis
134
the brain moves ions, making the cell either become positive and excited (on), or negative and inactive (off)
neurochemistry
135
the connection between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
cholinergic synapse
136
the way in which peptide transmitters are packaged into vesicles in the cell body and sent down the axon to the synaptic terminal
- they are first broken down into small “active” peptides
- after release they diffuse away from synapse and are broken down by enzymes (proteolysis)
orthograde axoplasmic transport
137
tip of a growing neuronal axon
growth cone
138
transport of new proteins to distant locations in the neurites
axoplasmic transport
139
tree-like extensions off the soma that receive signals from other neurons
dendrites
140
two neurites originating from the soma (i.e. interneurons)
bipolar
141
unipolar
one neurite originating from the soma (i.e. sensory neurons)
142
when a neurotransmitter binds and opens up a channel, it doesn’t just stay and keep it open, it jumps off and then could bind again somewhere else
contiuum of efficacy
143
when GABA blocks the ability of a synaptic terminal to release neurotransmitter
presynaptic inhibition
144
when someone takes SSRIs it doesn’t cause receptor down-regulation because it is a slow, system level process
SSRI neuroplasticity
145
withdrawal and approach cycles
If correct synaptic partner:
- filopodia flatten out
- presynaptic and postsynaptic densities appear
- clusters of proteins like neurotransmitter receptors and reuptake pumps
146
your DNA (genes) is transcribed into RNA (genetic message) which is translated into proteins (functional molecules)
basics of cell biology
