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Complex > Exam 1 (C&P) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (C&P) Flashcards

1
Q

Small square on EKG

A

0.04 seconds

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2
Q

Large box on EKG

A

0.20 seconds

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3
Q

5 Large boxes on EKG

A

1 second

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4
Q

QRS Complex Duration

A

0.04 - 0.12 seconds (1 - 3 small boxes)

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5
Q

PR Interval on EKG

A

0.12 - 0.20 seconds (3 - 5 small boxes)

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6
Q

If ST segment is elevated on EKG

A

Possible code STEMI –> rule out heart attack

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7
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia

A

Check pt for symptoms

-normal in children

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8
Q

Causes: Sinus Bradycardia

A

Beta Blockers

Calcium Channel Blockers (Digoxin)

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9
Q

Treatment: Sinus Bradycardia

A

Atropine

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10
Q

Causes: Sinus Tachycardia

A

Fever
Stress
Pain
Anxiety

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11
Q

Treatment: Sinus Tachycardia

A

Vagal maneuver
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Carotid massage

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12
Q

Causes: A-Fib

A

Cardiac Surgery
Pulmonary Hypertension
Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

Symptoms: A-Fib and A-Flutter

A 
Chest pain
Hypoxia
Hypotension
Lethargy
SOB
Anxiety
palpitations
dizziness
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14
Q

Treatment: A-Fib and A-Flutter

A 
anticoagulants (they are at HIGH RISK)
Beta Blocker
Cardiac Ablation
Digoxin
ElectroCardioeversion
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15
Q

Causes: A-Flutter

A 
COPD
Pulmonary hypertension
valve disease
excess thyroid hormone
CABG or CHD repair
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16
Q

Impending Acute Heart Failure

A

Underlying heart disease + sudden onset of arrhythmia

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17
Q

In Supraventricular Arrhythmias, the QRS complex is _____, due to _____ excitation of the ventricles.

A

1) narrow

2) rapid

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18
Q

In Ventricular Arrhythmias the QRS complex is ______, due to _____ excitation of the ventricles.

A

1) wide

2) slower

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19
Q

Supraventricular Tachycardia

A

Rate: 150-250 bpm
Rhythm: regular
P-waves are buried in previous T waves
QRS: narrow

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20
Q

Causes: Supraventricular Tachycardia

A

stimulants (caffeine)
sepsis
stress
alcohol

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21
Q

Treatment: Supraventricular Tachycardia

A

Vaso Vagal maneuver
adenosine (w/ MD, rapid push + rapid flush)
Ablation
Cardioversion

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22
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A

Rate: > 250 bpm
rhythm: regular
No P wave
QRS: wide and even

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23
Q

Causes: Ventricular tachycardia

A 
stimulants (caffeine, meth, cocaine)
Med toxicity (digoxin)
Low Mg2+
Low K+
cardiac injury
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24
Q

Treatment: Ventricular tachycardia

A

w/ pulse: amiodarone, cardioeversion

w/out pulse: CODE –> CPR and defibrillation

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25
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A 
Rate: not measurable
Rhythm: irregular
No p wave
QRS: no contraction, only quivering
monomorphic or polymorphic
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26
Q

Causes: V-Fib

A 
cardiac Injury
Med toxicity (digoxin)
Electrical disturbance (electrolytes, acid/base, electrical shock)
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27
Q

symptoms: V-Fib

A

loss of consciousness

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28
Q

Treatment V-Fib

A

defibrillation

Epinephrine

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29
Q

ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

A

ST segment elevated because something is causing it to remain contracted

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30
Q

Causes: STEMI

A

Low O2 from CAD

High Potassium

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31
Q

Treatment: STEMI

A

reperfusion
cath lab - angioplasty
Possible CABG

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32
Q

1st degree AV Block

A

longer PR interval

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33
Q

2nd degree AV block type 1

A

progressively longer PR intervals until it drops a QRS complex

34
Q

2nd Degree AV block type 2

A

No warning sign or PR change, but some QRS complexes are dropped

35
Q

3rd Degree AV block

A

random loss of QRS and P waves

36
Q

Treatment: Asystole

A

1) CPR + ET tube
2) Deliver ACL drugs
3) Epi every 3- 5 minutes
4) Vasopressin

37
Q

Atrial PAcing

A

pacing spikes precede the P wave

38
Q

Ventricular pasing

A

Pacer spikes precede the QRS complex

39
Q

Dual Chamber Pacemakes

A

Pacer spikes precede both P and QRS

40
Q

Pacemaker: Post Op

A

Immobilize arm
Infection precautions
Inspect HR and BP

41
Q

Pacemaker: AVOID

A 
2 C's:
contact sports
constrictive clothing
4 M's:
MRI
Microwaves
Metal detectors
MP3 earphones
42
Q

The 6 H’s

A 
Hypoxia
Hypovolemia
Hypothermia
H+ ions (acidosis)
Hypo/Hyperkalemia
43
Q

The 6 T’s

A 
Tablets (overdose)
Tamponade (cardiac)
Tension pneumothorax
Thrombosis (coronary)
Thrombosis (pulmonary)
44
Q

Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)

A

Electrical activity appears but there is no pulse

45
Q

Treatment for PEA when pt is unresponsive

A 
CPR
O2
Start IV (if not already there)
Push EPI
Treat H's and T's
46
Q

Artifact

A

distortion of ECG tracing by electrical activity that is non-cardiac in origin

47
Q

troubleshooting artifact

A

Assess client first
identify problem
check electrodes
ensure electrical equipment is grounded properly

48
Q

Causes: Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

A 
V/Q mismatch - COPD, asthma
Shunt
Diffusion Limitation
Alveolar Hypoventilation
Neuromuscular disease
49
Q

Causes: Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

A

Airways and alveoli abnormalities
CNS abnormalities
Chest wall abnormalities
Neuromuscular conditions

50
Q

Early signs of Acute Respiratory Failure

A 
Mental Status change
tachycardia
tachypnea
mild hypertension
anxiety
51
Q

Complications of ARDS

A 
Infection
Barotrauma
Volutrauma
Stress Ulcers
Renal Failure
DIC
Multi-Organ dysfunction syndrome
52
Q

Causes: Low-Pressure Ventilator Alarm

A

Extubation
Disconnection of tubes
Deflated cuff

53
Q

Causes: High Pressure Ventilator Alarm

A 
Pulmonary Edema
Biting the tube
Kink in tube
Secretions
Coughing
54
Q

The primary cause of Respiratory Acidosis is _____.

A

Hypoventilation

55
Q

The primary cause of Respiratory Alkalosis is _____.

A

Hyperventilation

56
Q

Casuse: Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Vomiting

NG suction

57
Q

Cause: Metabolic Acidosis

A

Diarrhea
Renal Failure
DKA

58
Q

Causes: ARDS

A 
#1: Sepsis
vaping
near drowning
pancreatitis
severe burns
59
Q

The three early signs of HYPOXEMIA are _____, _____, and _____.

A

restlessness
anxiety
confusion

60
Q

Symptoms of ARDS:

A 
#1: refractory hypoxemia
substernal and intercostal retractions
SOB
cyanosis
hemodynamic instability (hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmia)
61
Q

Primary Survey is done for trauma and emergencies. What is included in the survey?

A 
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Deficit
Exposure
62
Q

A secondary survey once the patient is admitted includes…

A 
History
Head-to-toe exam
Chest X-Ray
CBC
ECG and Cardiac Enzymes
63
Q

Primary intervention for rib fractures…

A

Pain control to prevent hypoventilation

-NSAIDs and opioids

64
Q

Supplies to have at bedside for ventilated patients

A 
Intubation kit
ambu bag
oxygen
crash cart
suction
65
Q

Treatment for Torsades De Pointes

A
  • Magnesium Sulfate

- Electrical Pacing

66
Q

Drugs used for 2nd and 3rd degree AV Block

A 
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Digoxin
...
Atropine
Dopamine
Epinephrine
67
Q

Main treatment for 3rd degree AV block

A

Pacemaker

68
Q

Shockable waveforms are _____ and _____.

A 
Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (V-tach)
Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)
69
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute

  • SV x HR
  • 4 8 L/min
70
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

A

Measure of afterload resistance
-(MAP-CVP) / CO
700 - 1500

71
Q

1st line treatment for hyper/hypotension

A

Fluid management

72
Q

Alpha receptors effect ____ ____ & _____.

A

Smooth muscle vasoconstriction & relaxation

73
Q

Beta receptors affect _____ & _____.

A

Inotropy (strengthening and weakening of the heart) & chronotropy (heart rate)

74
Q

Endocarditis

A

infection of inner layer of the heart

-forms vegetations on the valves specifically mitral and aortic

75
Q

Risk factors: Endocardtis

A
  • prosthetic valves
  • hemodialysis
  • IV drug abuse
76
Q

Endocarditis diagnostics

A 
Hx
Labs: cultures, CBC, ESR, C-reactive
Echocardiography
Chest X-ray
ECG
77
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the outer lining of the heart w/ possible fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion)

78
Q

Complications: pericarditis

A

Pericardial effusion
Cardiac Tamponade
Hiccups
Hoarseness

79
Q

Diagnostics: Pericarditis

A 
12-lead ECG
Echocardiogram
CT
MRI
Chest x-Ray
Labs: CBC, CRP, ESR, troponins
Cultures
80
Q

Treatment: Cardiomyopathies

A 
treat underlying cause
Control Heart Failure
Medications
VAD
PAcing
ICD
transplant
81
Q

Nursing care for heart transplant patient:

A
  • monitor chest tube drainage
  • monitor cardiac rate and rhythm
  • monitor cardiac output, pulmonary artery pressures, and CVP

Complex (1 decks)

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