Exam 1 Blueprint Flashcards
What are Germ layers (embryonic development stage)?
• Cells are arranged into 3 primarily layers
🔸Ectoderm: outer layer.
* Skin, nervous system, and other external parts of the body
🔹Endoderm: inner layer.
* Thymus, thyroid, digestive, respiratory and parts of the GU system
🔸Mesoderm: inner layer
* Circulatory system, urinary and reproductive organs, muscles, bones.
What are all signs of pregnancy?
🔸 Presumptive.
🔹 Probable
🔸 Positive
What are the Presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Presumptive signs (Subjective Signs)
🔸 3-4 wks - Breast changes
🔹 4 wk - Amenorrhea
🔸 4-14 wks - Nausea & Vomiting
🔹 6-12 wks - Urinary frequency
🔸 12 wks - Fatigue
🔹 16-20 wks - Quickening= 1st recognition of fetal movement
What are the Probable signs of pregnancy?
Probable signs: subjective
🔸 5 wks: Goodell sign= softening of cervical tip in a normal unscarred cervix (around 6 wks)
🔹 6-8 wks: Chadwick signs= a bluish color of cervix (6-8 wks)
🔸 6-12 wks: Hegar sign= softening and thinning of lower segment of uterus – about the 6th wk) – probable sign
🔹 4-12 wks: Positive result of pregnancy test (serum)
🔸 6-12 wks: Positive result of pregnancy test (urine)
🔹 16 wks: Braxton hicks contraction= irregular/ painful contraction (DO NOT CAUSE CERVICAL DILATION)
What are the Positive signs of pregnancy?
Positive signs (Diagnostic Signs)
🔸 5-6 wks: visualization of fetus by real-time ultrasound
🔹 6 wks: FHT’s detected by ultrasound
🔸 16 wks: visualization of fetus by radiographic study
🔹 8-17 wks: FHT’s detected by Doppler ultrasound stethoscope
🔸 17-19 wks: fetal heart tones detected by fetal stethoscope
🔹 19-22 wks: fetal movement palpated
🔸 late pregnancy: fetal movement visible
What are the uses of Contraception?
- Intentional prevention of pregnancy
- Birth control is the device or practice to decrease the risk of conceiving
- Family planning is the conscious decision on when to conceive or avoid pregnancy
- May still be at risk for pregnancy
- Nearly half of all US pregnancies are unplanned
What are the functions of the Placenta?
1) Provides your baby with oxygen and nutrients.
2) Removes harmful waste and carbon dioxide from your baby.
3) Produces hormones that help your baby grow.
Estimate Due Date (EDD)
🔶 Nagele rule
- Determine first day of last menstrual period.
🔸LMP + 7 days – 3 months = EDD
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
- Its defined as sexual violence, stalking, physical violence, and psychological aggression perpetrated by an intimate partner.
- Maternal exposure to domestic violence is associated with significantly inscreased :-
* Risk of low birth weight.
* Preterm birth.
What are the differences between an Embryo and Fetus?
🔸 Embryo.
- Day 15 - 8 wks (organs are forming & greatest vulnerability).
🔸 Fetus.
- 9 wks - birth
What are the Development milestones?
🔸 Embryonic stages
➤ 3 weeks:
* Heart beating and blood circulates
➤ 4 weeks:
* 2 chamber forms a 4- chamber heart
* Respiratory system begins
➤ 5 weeks:
* umbilical cord developed
➤ 8 weeks:
* gender distinguishable- not definitive
🔸 Fetal stages
➤ 9 weeks:
* fingers, toes, eyelids, nose and jaw evident
➤ 12 wks:
* placenta complete
* organ system complete
* thumb sucking
* fetus urinates in amniotic fluid- 11 weeks
➤ 16 weeks:
* Meconium in bowel
➤ 20 wks:
* hearing developing
* quickening (mom feels movement)
* lanugo covers the body
* wake/ sleep cycles evident
➤ 24 weeks
* circulation visible
* rapid brain growth
* hiccups
* vernix caseosa is thick
* lecithin (L) is present
➤ 28 weeks
* eyes open and close
* process sights and sounds
* taste buds developing
* hair on head
➤ 32 weeks
* fingernails, toenails & fingerprints present
* subq fat develops
* vigorous fetal movement
* L/S ratio= 1:2:1 (lung maturity 2:1)
➤ 36 weeks
* lanugo disappearing
* amniotic fluid decreases
* L/S ratio >2:1
➤ 40 weeks
* fetal development complete
Fetal Circulation
🔸 Normal circulation
Lungs ➤ Pulmonary veins ➤ Left atrium (bicuspid AV valve) ➤ Left ventricle (aortic semilunar valve) ➤ Aorta ➤ Body tissues ➤ Vena cava ➤ Right atrium (tricuspid AV valve) ➤ Right ventricle (pulmonary semilunar valve) ➤ Pulmonary arteries ➤ Lungs
🔸 Fetal valves (shunts)
3. Ductus arteriosus: valve that shunts blood around the lung (just enough to keep lungs valve)
⬆️
2. Foramen ovale: valve allowing blood to flow directly from right to left atrium
⬆️
1. Ductus venosus (1st shunt- valve): valve that shunts around the liver
⬆️
* Placenta starts bottom to up
Which blood vessels supply blood in a fetus?
Vessel (2 arteries, 1 vein) supply nutrient and O2 from mother.
🔸 Arteries- carry deoxygenated blood from the embryo
🔹 Veins carry oxygenated blood to the embryo
STI’s And their treatments
🔸 Chlamydia - Azithromycin 1 gram
🔹 Gonorrhea - Ceftriaxone
🔸 Syphilis - Pencillin
🔹 Trichomoniasis - Metronidazole or tinidazole
🔸 GBS - Penicillin
What is Polyhydramnios?
- Its excessive amniotic fluid.
- Severe polyhydramnios may cause:-
* Shortness of breath,
* Preterm labor etc.