Exam 1 Blueprint Flashcards
Heart rate: Infant
80-100
Heart rate: Toddler
110
Heart rate: School age child
70-115
Heart rate: Adolescent
65-105
Blood pressure: Infant
(50-105) / (42-69)
Blood pressure: Toddler
(37-85) / (49-91)
Blood pressure: School Age Child
(80-136) / (45-77)
Blood pressure: Adolescent
(90-136) / (51-84)
Proper measurement techniques: heart rate of infant
Brachial pulse
Proper measurement techniques: heart rate of kids over 2 years
Radial pulse
Proper measurement techniques: most accurate heart rate no matter age
Apical pulse
Proper measurement techniques: proper cuff size for blood pressure (2)
-bladder should cover 80-100% of circumference of arm
-bladder should cover 75% of upper arm
Proper measurement techniques: blood pressure sites (4)
-upper arm
-forearm
-thigh
-calf/ankle
Proper measurement techniques: mostacurate site for temp
rectal
Proper measurement techniques: most common site for temp
axillary
Proper measurement techniques: ________ temp site can be used after age 4-5 years
Oral
Physical growth: rapid pace from ___ to ___ and ___ to _____
-birth to 2 years
-puberty to 15 years
Physical growth: slower pace from ____ to _____
2 years to puberty
Physical growth: sharp decline from _____ to ____
16 to 24
Infant growth (birth-6 months): weight
birth weight doubles by end of first 6 months
infant growth (birth -6 months): height
increases by 1 inch (2.5cm) per month
Infant growth (6-12 months): weight
birth weight triples by end of 1st year
Infant growth (6-12 months): height
increases by 0.5 inch per month
Toddler growth: weight
brith weight quadruples by age 2.5 yrs
Toddler growth: height
50% of eventual adult height by age 2
Pre-school growth: weight
yearly gain of 2-3kg (4.5-5.5 lbs)
Pre-school growth: height
yearly gain of 2-3 inch (5-7.5cm)
school-age growth: weight
yearly gain of 2-3kg (4.5-5.5 lbs)
School-age growth: height
yearly gain of 5cm (2”)
Puberty growth (females 10-14): weight
mean weight gain of 17.5kg (38.75lbs)
Puberty growth (females 10-14): height (2)
-2-10 inches over 4 years
-95% of mature height achieved by onset of menarche (~13 yrs old)
Puberty growth (males 11-16 yrs): weight
mean weight gain of 15/25 lbs
Puberty growth (males 11-16 yrs): height (2)
-height gain of 4-12 inches
-95% of mature height by 15 years
Normal growth occurs in _____ the punctuate long periods in which:
-occurs in spurts
-no measurable growth takes place
During a growth spurt, height can increase as much as _____ in one night
1/4 inch
___________ sexual characteristics develop during puberty
Secondary
the appearance of pubic hair is called:
adrenarche
breast enlargement and tenderness in males
gynecomastia
onset of menses in girls is called:
menarche
an increase in normal vaginal discharge occurring in early puberty
physiologic leukorrhea
Tanner staging: Female S1
no signs of breast changes or pubic hair
Tanner staging: Female S2
small breast buds with enlargement of the areola and dark, straight pubic hair
Tanner staging: Female S3
increase of breast and areola area
coarse, curly pubic hair
Tanner staging: Female S4
secondary mound occurs in the breast at the areola
pubic hair is adult like
Tanner staging: Female S5
Breast buds now mature
pubic hair adult-like
Tanner staging: Male S1
no pubic hair or changes in genitals
Tanner staging: Male S2
Initial enlargement of the scrotum and testicles with reddening and textural changes in scrotum
Fine, straight hair at base of penis
Tanner staging: Male S3
Further enlargement of penis with continued changes in scrotum
Pubic hair darker and courser and extends across pubis
Tanner staging: Male S4
Penis continues to grow in diameter with development of glans larger and broader
Pubic hair curly and more abundant
Scrotum Darker
Tanner staging: Male S5
Adult appearance
Trust Vs Mistrust
age:
main takeaway:
birth - 1 year
achieved through consistency of care from he caregivers
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
age:
main takeaway:
1-3 years
Avoid making child feel self-conscious and small when:
-their choices are disastrous
-when others shame them
-when they are forced to be dependent in situations where they are capable of assuming control
Initiative vs Guilt
age:
main takeaway:
3-6 years
discipline without shaming is important
Industry vs inferiority
age:
main takeaway:
6-12 years
setting goals that are too high causes child to develop sense of inadequacy
Identity vs Role Confusion
age:
main takeaway:
12-20 years
encourage spending time to get to know themselves better, trying new things, building on setting goals
positive resolution of Trust vs Mistrust
learns to trust others
positive resolution of autonomy vs shame & doubt
learns self-control without loss of self-esteem
positive resolution of Initiative vs guilt
learns the degrees to which assertiveness & purpose influence their environment
positive resolution of industry vs inferiority
develops a sense of competence and perseverance
positive resolution of identity vs role confusion
devotion and fidelity to others and to values and ideologies
Piaget stated that cognitive development consists of ________ changes that occur in ______ activities. Is this still true today?
-age-related changes
-mental activities
-Neuro-biological evidence supports it
what enables an individual to adapt to their environment in ways that increase their change of survival
intelligence
through _______ behavior, individuals establish and maintain _________ with their environment
-intelligent
-equilibrium
Piaget stage:
birth - 2 years
sensorimotor
Piaget stage:
2-4 years
pre-operational; pre-conceptual thought
Piaget stage:
4-7 years
pre-operational; intuitive thought
Piaget stage:
7-11
concrete operational
Piaget stage:
11-15
Formal operational
Key features of sensorimotor stage (4)
-progress from reflexive behavior & simple repetition of behavior through imitation
-develop sense of cause & effect through trial and error
-rituals are important
-use simple language efficiently at tend
Key features of pre-operational/pre-conceptual thought phase (3)
-egocentrism
-thinking is concrete/ cannot reason beyond observable
-engage in fantasy/difficulty differentiating fantasy from real world
an inability to perceive the point of view of another
egocentrism
Key features of pre-operational/intuitive thought phase (3)
-egocentrism diminishes
-thinks of one idea at a time
-words express thoughts well
Key features of concrete operational phase (4)
-logic is beginning to emerge/can solve concrete problems
-able to classify and sort information/helps them problem solve
-loves to collect things
less egocentric
Key features of formal operational stage (2)
-can now think in abstract terms and resolve conflict/can hypothesize and test
-idealistic “its not fair”/ difficult time with injustice
Kohlbergs 3 levels & associated ages
-pre-conventional (1-7)
-conventional(7-11)
-post-conventional (11-15)
Key features of Pre-conventional stage (2)
-determine goodness or badness of a behavior in terms of its consequences
-avoidance of punishment is always the goal
Key features of conventional stage (3)
-Concerned with loyalty tot daily and peers
-Good boy/good girl orientation
-Behavior that meets with approval and pleases or helps others is considered to be “good”
Key features of post conventional stage (2)
-Correct behavior now defines in terms of individuals rights and societal standards
-Interested in the possibility of changing standards
First type of play
Involves infants taking pleasure in relationships with people
social-affective place
social affective play includes: (3)
-talking
-nuzzling
-touch
social affective play teaches infant (2)
-elicit responses in infant
-teaches infant to provoke parental emotions and responses with cooing, smiling, initiating games and activities
nonsocial stimulating experience that originates from without
sense-pleasure play
sense-pleasure play involves
environmental objects stimulate children’s sense and attract their attention
repeating an action again and again to demonstrate and exercise a newly acquired ability
skill play
children are not playful but focusing their attention momentarily on anything that strikes their interest
unoccupied behavior
unoccupied behavior examples: (3)
-daydreaming
-fiddling with clothes/objects
-walking aimlessly
acting out events of daily life, practice roles and identities modeled by members of their family and society
dramatic/pretend play
dramatic/pretend play begins as _____ and evolves into more complex, elaborate _____ as children age
simple imitation
elaborate themes
Imitative games:
age:
examples:
very young children
-pat-a-cake
-peek-a-boo
formal games
age:
examples:
preschool children
ring-around-a-rosy
London bridge
competitive games
age:
examples:
school-age children
-physically active games
-cards/board games
children watch what other children are doing but make no attempt to enter the play activity
onlooker play
children play along with toys different from those used by other children in the same area
solitary play
in solitary play, children enjoy________________ but ________________
enjoy the presence of other children but make no effort to be close or speak to them
children play independently but among other children; play with similar toys but do not influence or be influenced by other children; play beside but not with other children
parallel play
children play together and are engaged in a similar or even identical activity; no organization, division or labor, leadership, or mutual goal
associative play
organized, children play in a group with other children; activities are to accomplish an end, make something, attain a competitive goal
cooperative play
Car safety general (5)
-Transport infant in federally approved, rear-facing car seat, preferably in back set
-do not place infant on seat (of car) or in lap
-do not place child in a carriage or stroller behind a parked car
-do not place infant or child in front passenger seat with air bag
-do not leave infant unattended in car
Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: Children under 1 (2)
-always rear-facing seat (infant only, 3-in-1)
-needs to be in back seat
Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 1-3 yrs (3)
-rear-facing until child reaches top height or weight limit allowed by car seat manufacturer
-transfer to forward-facing car seat with harness
-needs to be in backseat
Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 4-7 years (3)
-Required to ride in booster seat unless >80lbs, >4”9”, only lap belt available
-transfer to booster once height or weight limit reached
-needs to be in backseat
Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 8-13 years (3)
-seat belt required
-keep in booster until lap belt snugly fits across upper thighs and shoulder belt across shoulder/chest
-should ride in backseat (safer)
Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 14-18 yrs
must wear seatbelt
Single most important influence on growth
nutrition
During _____ and ______, the demand for calories is relatively great; __________ requirements are higher than at almost any period of postnatal development
-infancy & childhood
-protein and caloric requirments
Nutrition: Infant (birth-6 months) (3)
-Human milk or formula
-Vitamin D, B12, and Iron supplements
-no extra fluids necessary (water or juice)
Nutrition: Infant (6-12 months) (2)
-Human milk or formula should be primary source of nutrition
-addition of solid foods
Nutrition: Toddler (12-18 m) (3)
-reduced need for calories, protein, and fluid due to slowed growth rate
-can eat many foods prepared for rest of family
-Ritualistic, prefers using fingers to eat
Nutrition: Preschooler (2-5 years) (4)
-include variety of nutrient dense foods that ensure sufficient energy to maintain healthy weight
-1200-1400 cal
-increase protein
-reduce total fat intake to prevent childhood obesity
Nutrition: School age (2)
-caloric needs are diminished in relation to body size
-avoid unhealthy foods and sedentary activities to avoid childhood obesity
Nutrition: Adolescents (2)
-Nutritional habits influenced by peers, accessibility, and financial status
-obesity is increasing among adolescents
Common factors of unvaccinated children (3)
-caucasian
-parents are married
-parents have college degree w/ annual income of >75K
Why do parents not vaccinate? (4)
-concern for safety
-distrust of medical community
-information from unproven sources
-haven’t seen the diseases
Common factors of under-vaccinated children (5)
-predominately African American
-young, unmarried mothers
-no college degree
-poverty level
-urban residence
Why are some kids under-vaccinated (5)
-lack of resources
-transportation issues
-lack of knowledge
-have not seen the disease
-expensive; cost continue to rise
Common side effects of vaccinations (5)
-low grade fever
-irritability for 24-28 hours
-pain at injection site
-knot at injection site
-rash with varicella vaccine
Vaccination Myths
-vaccines aren’t safe
-vaccines weaken the immune system, so its better to naturally acquire the disease
-MMR causes autism
Vaccinations that have been withdrawn bc of safety (3)
-Old DTP: caused rare events of seizures, persistent crying, high fever
-OPV withdrawn
-(Rotavirus) Thimerosal containing immunizations bc of rare and isolated intussusception
Why is HPV vaccine given?
-HPV can infect both men and women with genital warts
-Some HPV types can cause cell changes that can cause cervical cancer
Non-physical Growth expectations: Birth-1 year (2)
-time of rapid motor, cognitive, and social development
-role of primary caregivers significant
Non-physical Growth expectations: 1-6 years (5)
-Characterized by intense activity and curiosity
-Acquire language and social skills
-Begin to develop self concept
-Increasing awareness of dependence and independence
-Gaining self-control and mastery important
Non-physical Growth expectations: 6-11 years (3)
-Child is directed away from the family group towards activities with peers
-Interested in developing skill competencies
-Moral development begins to have relevance for later life stages
Non-physical Growth expectations: 11-19 years
-Tumultuous transitional period of rapid changes
-early years focus on group identity
-later years focus on individual identity
-begin to internalize all previously learned values (later adolescence)
Age range for: pre-pubertal
11-13
Age range for: adolescence
13-18
Age range for: school age children
6-11
Age range for: Toddler
1-3
Age range for: Preschool
3-6
Age range for: early childhood
1-6
Age range for: middle childhood
6-11
Age range for: late childhood
11-19
