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Peds > Exam 1 Blueprint > Flashcards

Exam 1 Blueprint Flashcards

1
Q

Heart rate: Infant

A

80-100

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2
Q

Heart rate: Toddler

A

110

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3
Q

Heart rate: School age child

A

70-115

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4
Q

Heart rate: Adolescent

A

65-105

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5
Q

Blood pressure: Infant

A

(50-105) / (42-69)

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6
Q

Blood pressure: Toddler

A

(37-85) / (49-91)

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7
Q

Blood pressure: School Age Child

A

(80-136) / (45-77)

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8
Q

Blood pressure: Adolescent

A

(90-136) / (51-84)

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9
Q

Proper measurement techniques: heart rate of infant

A

Brachial pulse

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10
Q

Proper measurement techniques: heart rate of kids over 2 years

A

Radial pulse

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11
Q

Proper measurement techniques: most accurate heart rate no matter age

A

Apical pulse

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12
Q

Proper measurement techniques: proper cuff size for blood pressure (2)

A

-bladder should cover 80-100% of circumference of arm
-bladder should cover 75% of upper arm

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13
Q

Proper measurement techniques: blood pressure sites (4)

A

-upper arm
-forearm
-thigh
-calf/ankle

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14
Q

Proper measurement techniques: mostacurate site for temp

A

rectal

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15
Q

Proper measurement techniques: most common site for temp

A

axillary

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16
Q

Proper measurement techniques: ________ temp site can be used after age 4-5 years

A

Oral

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17
Q

Physical growth: rapid pace from ___ to ___ and ___ to _____

A

-birth to 2 years
-puberty to 15 years

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18
Q

Physical growth: slower pace from ____ to _____

A

2 years to puberty

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19
Q

Physical growth: sharp decline from _____ to ____

A

16 to 24

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20
Q

Infant growth (birth-6 months): weight

A

birth weight doubles by end of first 6 months

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21
Q

infant growth (birth -6 months): height

A

increases by 1 inch (2.5cm) per month

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22
Q

Infant growth (6-12 months): weight

A

birth weight triples by end of 1st year

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23
Q

Infant growth (6-12 months): height

A

increases by 0.5 inch per month

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24
Q

Toddler growth: weight

A

brith weight quadruples by age 2.5 yrs

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25
Q

Toddler growth: height

A

50% of eventual adult height by age 2

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26
Q

Pre-school growth: weight

A

yearly gain of 2-3kg (4.5-5.5 lbs)

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27
Q

Pre-school growth: height

A

yearly gain of 2-3 inch (5-7.5cm)

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28
Q

school-age growth: weight

A

yearly gain of 2-3kg (4.5-5.5 lbs)

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29
Q

School-age growth: height

A

yearly gain of 5cm (2”)

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30
Q

Puberty growth (females 10-14): weight

A

mean weight gain of 17.5kg (38.75lbs)

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31
Q

Puberty growth (females 10-14): height (2)

A

-2-10 inches over 4 years
-95% of mature height achieved by onset of menarche (~13 yrs old)

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32
Q

Puberty growth (males 11-16 yrs): weight

A

mean weight gain of 15/25 lbs

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33
Q

Puberty growth (males 11-16 yrs): height (2)

A

-height gain of 4-12 inches
-95% of mature height by 15 years

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34
Q

Normal growth occurs in _____ the punctuate long periods in which:

A

-occurs in spurts
-no measurable growth takes place

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35
Q

During a growth spurt, height can increase as much as _____ in one night

A

1/4 inch

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36
Q

___________ sexual characteristics develop during puberty

A

Secondary

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37
Q

the appearance of pubic hair is called:

A

adrenarche

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38
Q

breast enlargement and tenderness in males

A

gynecomastia

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39
Q

onset of menses in girls is called:

A

menarche

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40
Q

an increase in normal vaginal discharge occurring in early puberty

A

physiologic leukorrhea

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41
Q

Tanner staging: Female S1

A

no signs of breast changes or pubic hair

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42
Q

Tanner staging: Female S2

A

small breast buds with enlargement of the areola and dark, straight pubic hair

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43
Q

Tanner staging: Female S3

A

increase of breast and areola area
coarse, curly pubic hair

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44
Q

Tanner staging: Female S4

A

secondary mound occurs in the breast at the areola
pubic hair is adult like

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45
Q

Tanner staging: Female S5

A

Breast buds now mature
pubic hair adult-like

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46
Q

Tanner staging: Male S1

A

no pubic hair or changes in genitals

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47
Q

Tanner staging: Male S2

A

Initial enlargement of the scrotum and testicles with reddening and textural changes in scrotum
Fine, straight hair at base of penis

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48
Q

Tanner staging: Male S3

A

Further enlargement of penis with continued changes in scrotum
Pubic hair darker and courser and extends across pubis

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49
Q

Tanner staging: Male S4

A

Penis continues to grow in diameter with development of glans larger and broader
Pubic hair curly and more abundant
Scrotum Darker

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50
Q

Tanner staging: Male S5

A

Adult appearance

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51
Q

Trust Vs Mistrust
age:
main takeaway:

A

birth - 1 year
achieved through consistency of care from he caregivers

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52
Q

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
age:
main takeaway:

A

1-3 years
Avoid making child feel self-conscious and small when:
-their choices are disastrous
-when others shame them
-when they are forced to be dependent in situations where they are capable of assuming control

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53
Q

Initiative vs Guilt
age:
main takeaway:

A

3-6 years
discipline without shaming is important

54
Q

Industry vs inferiority
age:
main takeaway:

A

6-12 years
setting goals that are too high causes child to develop sense of inadequacy

55
Q

Identity vs Role Confusion
age:
main takeaway:

A

12-20 years
encourage spending time to get to know themselves better, trying new things, building on setting goals

56
Q

positive resolution of Trust vs Mistrust

A

learns to trust others

57
Q

positive resolution of autonomy vs shame & doubt

A

learns self-control without loss of self-esteem

58
Q

positive resolution of Initiative vs guilt

A

learns the degrees to which assertiveness & purpose influence their environment

59
Q

positive resolution of industry vs inferiority

A

develops a sense of competence and perseverance

60
Q

positive resolution of identity vs role confusion

A

devotion and fidelity to others and to values and ideologies

61
Q

Piaget stated that cognitive development consists of ________ changes that occur in ______ activities. Is this still true today?

A

-age-related changes
-mental activities
-Neuro-biological evidence supports it

62
Q

what enables an individual to adapt to their environment in ways that increase their change of survival

A

intelligence

63
Q

through _______ behavior, individuals establish and maintain _________ with their environment

A

-intelligent
-equilibrium

64
Q

Piaget stage:
birth - 2 years

A

sensorimotor

65
Q

Piaget stage:
2-4 years

A

pre-operational; pre-conceptual thought

66
Q

Piaget stage:
4-7 years

A

pre-operational; intuitive thought

67
Q

Piaget stage:
7-11

A

concrete operational

68
Q

Piaget stage:
11-15

A

Formal operational

69
Q

Key features of sensorimotor stage (4)

A

-progress from reflexive behavior & simple repetition of behavior through imitation
-develop sense of cause & effect through trial and error
-rituals are important
-use simple language efficiently at tend

70
Q

Key features of pre-operational/pre-conceptual thought phase (3)

A

-egocentrism
-thinking is concrete/ cannot reason beyond observable
-engage in fantasy/difficulty differentiating fantasy from real world

71
Q

an inability to perceive the point of view of another

A

egocentrism

72
Q

Key features of pre-operational/intuitive thought phase (3)

A

-egocentrism diminishes
-thinks of one idea at a time
-words express thoughts well

73
Q

Key features of concrete operational phase (4)

A

-logic is beginning to emerge/can solve concrete problems
-able to classify and sort information/helps them problem solve
-loves to collect things
less egocentric

74
Q

Key features of formal operational stage (2)

A

-can now think in abstract terms and resolve conflict/can hypothesize and test
-idealistic “its not fair”/ difficult time with injustice

75
Q

Kohlbergs 3 levels & associated ages

A

-pre-conventional (1-7)
-conventional(7-11)
-post-conventional (11-15)

76
Q

Key features of Pre-conventional stage (2)

A

-determine goodness or badness of a behavior in terms of its consequences
-avoidance of punishment is always the goal

77
Q

Key features of conventional stage (3)

A

-Concerned with loyalty tot daily and peers
-Good boy/good girl orientation
-Behavior that meets with approval and pleases or helps others is considered to be “good”

78
Q

Key features of post conventional stage (2)

A

-Correct behavior now defines in terms of individuals rights and societal standards
-Interested in the possibility of changing standards

79
Q

First type of play
Involves infants taking pleasure in relationships with people

A

social-affective place

80
Q

social affective play includes: (3)

A

-talking
-nuzzling
-touch

81
Q

social affective play teaches infant (2)

A

-elicit responses in infant
-teaches infant to provoke parental emotions and responses with cooing, smiling, initiating games and activities

82
Q

nonsocial stimulating experience that originates from without

A

sense-pleasure play

83
Q

sense-pleasure play involves

A

environmental objects stimulate children’s sense and attract their attention

84
Q

repeating an action again and again to demonstrate and exercise a newly acquired ability

A

skill play

85
Q

children are not playful but focusing their attention momentarily on anything that strikes their interest

A

unoccupied behavior

86
Q

unoccupied behavior examples: (3)

A

-daydreaming
-fiddling with clothes/objects
-walking aimlessly

87
Q

acting out events of daily life, practice roles and identities modeled by members of their family and society

A

dramatic/pretend play

88
Q

dramatic/pretend play begins as _____ and evolves into more complex, elaborate _____ as children age

A

simple imitation
elaborate themes

89
Q

Imitative games:
age:
examples:

A

very young children
-pat-a-cake
-peek-a-boo

90
Q

formal games
age:
examples:

A

preschool children
ring-around-a-rosy
London bridge

91
Q

competitive games
age:
examples:

A

school-age children
-physically active games
-cards/board games

92
Q

children watch what other children are doing but make no attempt to enter the play activity

A

onlooker play

93
Q

children play along with toys different from those used by other children in the same area

A

solitary play

94
Q

in solitary play, children enjoy________________ but ________________

A

enjoy the presence of other children but make no effort to be close or speak to them

95
Q

children play independently but among other children; play with similar toys but do not influence or be influenced by other children; play beside but not with other children

A

parallel play

96
Q

children play together and are engaged in a similar or even identical activity; no organization, division or labor, leadership, or mutual goal

A

associative play

97
Q

organized, children play in a group with other children; activities are to accomplish an end, make something, attain a competitive goal

A

cooperative play

98
Q

Car safety general (5)

A

-Transport infant in federally approved, rear-facing car seat, preferably in back set
-do not place infant on seat (of car) or in lap
-do not place child in a carriage or stroller behind a parked car
-do not place infant or child in front passenger seat with air bag
-do not leave infant unattended in car

99
Q

Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: Children under 1 (2)

A

-always rear-facing seat (infant only, 3-in-1)
-needs to be in back seat

100
Q

Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 1-3 yrs (3)

A

-rear-facing until child reaches top height or weight limit allowed by car seat manufacturer
-transfer to forward-facing car seat with harness
-needs to be in backseat

101
Q

Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 4-7 years (3)

A

-Required to ride in booster seat unless >80lbs, >4”9”, only lap belt available
-transfer to booster once height or weight limit reached
-needs to be in backseat

102
Q

Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 8-13 years (3)

A

-seat belt required
-keep in booster until lap belt snugly fits across upper thighs and shoulder belt across shoulder/chest
-should ride in backseat (safer)

103
Q

Kansas Highway Patrol Guidelines: 14-18 yrs

A

must wear seatbelt

104
Q

Single most important influence on growth

A

nutrition

105
Q

During _____ and ______, the demand for calories is relatively great; __________ requirements are higher than at almost any period of postnatal development

A

-infancy & childhood
-protein and caloric requirments

106
Q

Nutrition: Infant (birth-6 months) (3)

A

-Human milk or formula
-Vitamin D, B12, and Iron supplements
-no extra fluids necessary (water or juice)

107
Q

Nutrition: Infant (6-12 months) (2)

A

-Human milk or formula should be primary source of nutrition
-addition of solid foods

108
Q

Nutrition: Toddler (12-18 m) (3)

A

-reduced need for calories, protein, and fluid due to slowed growth rate
-can eat many foods prepared for rest of family
-Ritualistic, prefers using fingers to eat

109
Q

Nutrition: Preschooler (2-5 years) (4)

A

-include variety of nutrient dense foods that ensure sufficient energy to maintain healthy weight
-1200-1400 cal
-increase protein
-reduce total fat intake to prevent childhood obesity

110
Q

Nutrition: School age (2)

A

-caloric needs are diminished in relation to body size
-avoid unhealthy foods and sedentary activities to avoid childhood obesity

111
Q

Nutrition: Adolescents (2)

A

-Nutritional habits influenced by peers, accessibility, and financial status
-obesity is increasing among adolescents

112
Q

Common factors of unvaccinated children (3)

A

-caucasian
-parents are married
-parents have college degree w/ annual income of >75K

113
Q

Why do parents not vaccinate? (4)

A

-concern for safety
-distrust of medical community
-information from unproven sources
-haven’t seen the diseases

114
Q

Common factors of under-vaccinated children (5)

A

-predominately African American
-young, unmarried mothers
-no college degree
-poverty level
-urban residence

115
Q

Why are some kids under-vaccinated (5)

A

-lack of resources
-transportation issues
-lack of knowledge
-have not seen the disease
-expensive; cost continue to rise

116
Q

Common side effects of vaccinations (5)

A

-low grade fever
-irritability for 24-28 hours
-pain at injection site
-knot at injection site
-rash with varicella vaccine

117
Q

Vaccination Myths

A

-vaccines aren’t safe
-vaccines weaken the immune system, so its better to naturally acquire the disease
-MMR causes autism

118
Q

Vaccinations that have been withdrawn bc of safety (3)

A

-Old DTP: caused rare events of seizures, persistent crying, high fever
-OPV withdrawn
-(Rotavirus) Thimerosal containing immunizations bc of rare and isolated intussusception

119
Q

Why is HPV vaccine given?

A

-HPV can infect both men and women with genital warts
-Some HPV types can cause cell changes that can cause cervical cancer

120
Q

Non-physical Growth expectations: Birth-1 year (2)

A

-time of rapid motor, cognitive, and social development
-role of primary caregivers significant

121
Q

Non-physical Growth expectations: 1-6 years (5)

A

-Characterized by intense activity and curiosity
-Acquire language and social skills
-Begin to develop self concept
-Increasing awareness of dependence and independence
-Gaining self-control and mastery important

122
Q

Non-physical Growth expectations: 6-11 years (3)

A

-Child is directed away from the family group towards activities with peers
-Interested in developing skill competencies
-Moral development begins to have relevance for later life stages

123
Q

Non-physical Growth expectations: 11-19 years

A

-Tumultuous transitional period of rapid changes
-early years focus on group identity
-later years focus on individual identity
-begin to internalize all previously learned values (later adolescence)

124
Q

Age range for: pre-pubertal

A

11-13

125
Q

Age range for: adolescence

A

13-18

126
Q

Age range for: school age children

A

6-11

127
Q

Age range for: Toddler

A

1-3

128
Q

Age range for: Preschool

A

3-6

129
Q

Age range for: early childhood

A

1-6

130
Q

Age range for: middle childhood

A

6-11

131
Q

Age range for: late childhood

A

11-19

Peds (3 decks)

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