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Kinesiology > Exam 1 - Biomechanics > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of the science of movement

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2
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Bones, Ligaments, Joints, Muscles, Tendons

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3
Q

Sagitta Plane

A
  • Bisects body into right and left halves
  • also called anteroposterior or AP plane
  • Motion in this plane is called flexion and extension
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4
Q

Frontal Plane

A
  • Divides into front and back
  • Also called the coronal plane
  • Adduction and abduction movements
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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A
  • Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves
  • Also called horizontal plane
  • Rotational movements (pronation, supination, and spinal rotation)
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6
Q

Axes of Rotation

A
  • Movement in one plane produces joint motion or axis of rotation
  • Axis of rotation occurs 90 degrees from the plane that motion occurs
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7
Q

What is the axis of rotation of the Sagittal plane?

A

Lateral - Axis of Rotation

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8
Q

What is the axis of rotation of the Frontal plane?

A

Anteroposterior - Axis of Rotation

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9
Q

What is the axis of rotation of the Transverse plane?

A

Vertical - Axis of Rotation

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10
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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11
Q

Anteroinferior

A

Front & Below

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12
Q

Anterolateral

A

Front & Side

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13
Q

Anteromedial

A

Front & towards midline

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14
Q

Anteroposterior

A
  • Front & Back

- X-ray taken with back against film plate and machine in front

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15
Q

Anterosuperior

A

Front & Top

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Away from head; lower

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17
Q

Cephalic

A

Relating the the head

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides of body

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19
Q

Deep

A

Internal

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20
Q

Distal

A

Away from center of body or from point of attachment

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

Relating to upper-side of back

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22
Q

Inferior

A

Below; away from head

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23
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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24
Q

Lateral

A

Toward side of body

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25
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline of body

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26
Q

Posterior

A

Back side of body

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27
Q

Posteroinferior

A

Back & lower - away from head

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28
Q

Posterolateral

A

Back & Side

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29
Q

Posteromedial

A

Back & towards midline

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30
Q

Posterosuperior

A

Back & upper; toward the head

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31
Q

Prone

A

Face down, palms up

Dorsal side up, ventral side down

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32
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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33
Q

Superficial

A

External - closer to outside of body

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34
Q

Superior

A

Upper; towards head

35
Q

Supine

A

Face up, palms down

36
Q

Ventral

A

Front

37
Q

Volar

A

Palm of hand & sole of foot

38
Q

Long bones

A
  • long cylindrical shaft
  • wide protruding ends
  • serve as levers
39
Q

Short bones

A
  • small, cube shaped, solid bones

- shock absorption

40
Q

Flat bones

A
  • curved surface
  • can be thick or thin
  • protection
41
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • variety of purposes

- include bones of spine, ischium, pubis, and maxilla

42
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • small bones embedded within the tendon of a musculoskeletal unity that provide protection
  • called “free-floating” because they don’t attach to other bones
  • improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous unit
43
Q

Joints

A
  • Articulation of two or more bones
  • classified by structure or function
  • enable movement
44
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • joined together by connective tissue
  • immovable
  • ex: sacroiliac joint, sternoclavicular
45
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Joined together by hyaline or fibrocartilage
  • allows very slight movement
  • ex: costochondral joints of the ribs, intervertebral discs
46
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • freely moveable
  • contain a joint capsule
  • contain synovial fluid
  • generally, diarthrodial
47
Q

Synarthrodial joints

A
  • immovable

- ex: cranial sutures, socket of a tooth

48
Q

Amphiarthrodial joints

A
  • slightly moveable
    3 types:
  • syndesmosis: joint held together by strong ligamentous structures
  • symphysis: joint separated by fibrocartilage pad
  • synchronosis: joint separated by hyaline cartilage
49
Q

Diarthrodial joints

A
  • freely moveable
  • contain a joint capsule
  • joint capsule surrounds the bony ends
  • contain synovial fluid; lubricator the joint cavity
  • ex: knee, shoulder
50
Q

Motion in one plane

A

1 degree of freedom

51
Q

Motion in two plane

A

Two degrees of freedom

52
Q

Motion in three plane

A

3 degrees of freedom

53
Q

Arthrodial (Gliding Joint)

A
  • two flat, bony surfaces
  • butt against each other
  • permits limited gliding movement
  • 1 degree of freedom
  • ex: carpal bones of the wrist
54
Q

Condylodial Joint

A
  • also called biaxial ball and socket joints
  • bones permit movement in two planes without rotation (2 degrees of freedom)
  • ex: wrist between the radius and proximal row of the carpal bones
55
Q

Enarthrodial Joint

A

Also called multiracial ball and socket joint

  • permits movement in all three planes
  • ex: hip and shoulder joints
56
Q

Ginglymus Joint

A
  • also called a hinge joint
  • one plane of motion
  • wide range of motion within that plane
  • ex: elbow, knee
57
Q

Sellar Joint

A
  • also called a saddle Joint
  • found only in the thumb
  • permits ball and socket movement, except for rotation
58
Q

Movement in Joints

A
  • can be limited or wide-ranging
  • some movements are relatively specific to a joint
  • some movements describe motion at several joints
59
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movement away from midline of the body

60
Q

Abduction

A
  • Lateral movement away from midline of the body

- Frontal plane motion

61
Q

Adduction

A
  • Movement medically toward the midline of the trunk

- Front plane motion

62
Q

Circumduction

A
  • circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc

- combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

63
Q

Flexion

A
  • bending movement of a limb
  • decrease in joint angle by moving bones together
  • Sagittal plane
64
Q

Extension

A
  • straightening movement of a limb
  • increase joint angle by moving bones apart
  • Sagittal plane
65
Q

External Rotation

A
  • rotary movement around a longitudinal axis of a bone
  • movement is away from the midline of the body
  • transverse plane motion
66
Q

Internal Rotation

A
  • Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone
  • movement is towards the midline of the body
  • transverse plane motion
67
Q

Muscles

A
  • 600+ muscles
  • 40-50% total BW
  • responsible for movement of the body and joints
68
Q

Muscle Terminology

A

–

69
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A
  • muscles within or belonging solely to the body part on which they act
  • ex: small intrinsic muscles of the hand
70
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A
  • muscles that arise or originate outside of the body part on which they act
  • ex: forearm muscles that attach to distal end of humerus and insert on the fingers
71
Q

Action

A
  • the specific movement of the joint resulting from a concentric (shortening) contraction of a muscle which crosses the Joint
  • ex: the biceps brachii the action of flexion at the elbow
  • action of a joint is caused by a group of muscles working together
  • a particular muscle may cause more than one action either at the same joint or a different joint
72
Q

Innvervation

A
  • the segment of the nervous system defined as being responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of the muscle
  • a particular muscle may be innervated by more than one nerve
  • a particular nerve may innervate more than one muscle
73
Q

Proximal Attachment/Insertion (ORIGIN)

A
  • least moveable part

- part that attaches closes the midline/center of body

74
Q

Distal Attachment/Insertion (Insertion)

A
  • most moveable

- usually the part that attaches farthest from midline/center of the body

75
Q

Types of Muscle Contraction

A

-

76
Q

Isometric

A
  • Tension is developed within the muscle, but the joint angle remains constant
  • static contractions
77
Q

Isotonic

A
  • involve the muscle developing tension to either cause or control joint movement
  • dynamic contraction: causes joint angle to change
78
Q

Concentric

A
  • muscle develop tension as it shortens
  • occurs when muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance
  • can be though of as causing movement against gravity or resistance
  • POSITIVE CONTRACTION
  • joint angle being changed in direction of applied muscular force
79
Q

Eccentric

A
  • involved the muscle lengthening under tension
  • occurs when the muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of the resistance
  • control movement with gravity or resistance
  • NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS
  • results in a change in the joint angle in the direction of the resistance or external force
80
Q

Role of muscles

A

–

81
Q

Agonist

A
  • muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion
  • prime movers
82
Q

Antagonist

A
  • muscles that are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist
  • have opposite concentric action
  • known as contralateral muscles
  • work in cooperation with agonistic muscles by relaxing and allowing movement
83
Q

Stabilizers

A
  • muscles that surround the joint or body part
  • contact to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body to exert force or move
  • proximal stability leads to distal mobility
84
Q

Synergist

A
  • muscles that assist in action of agonists
  • not necessarily the prime movers for the action
  • guiding muscles
  • assist in refining movement

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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